George Frideric Handel
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This article is about the eighteenth-century composer. Artikel ini adalah tentang komposer abad kedelapan belas. For other uses, see Handel (disambiguation) . Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Handel (disambiguasi) .
[ edit ] Early years [ sunting ] Awal tahun
[ edit ] From Halle to Italy [ sunting ] Dari Halle ke Italia
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[ edit ] The move to London [ sunting ] Langkah itu ke London
[ edit ] Cannons (1717–18) [ sunting ] Meriam (1717-1718)
Main article: Handel at Cannons Artikel utama: Handel di Meriam
Handel spent the most carefree time of his life as house composer at Cannons in Middlesex and laid the cornerstone for his future choral compositions in the twelve Chandos Anthems . [ 16 ] Romain Rolland stated that these anthems were as important for his oratorios as the cantatas were for his operas. Handel riang menghabiskan waktu sebagian besar hidupnya sebagai komponis rumah di Meriam di Middlesex dan meletakkan landasan bagi masa depan komposisi paduan suara dalam dua belas Chandos lagu kebangsaan. [16] Romain Rolland menyatakan bahwa lagu kebangsaan adalah sebagai penting bagi oratorios nya sebagai cantatas adalah untuk opera nya. Rolland also highly estimated Acis and Galatea , like Winton Dean , who wrote that "the music catches breath and disturbs the memory". [ 17 ] During Handel's lifetime it was his most performed work. Rolland juga sangat estimasi ACIS dan Galatea , seperti Winton Dean , yang menulis bahwa "musik menangkap nafas dan mengganggu memori". [17] Selama ini seumur hidup nya Handel itu dilakukan paling pekerjaan itu. 
[ edit ] Royal Academy of Music (1719–34) [ sunting ] Royal Academy of Music (1719-1734)
In May 1719 Handel was ordered by Lord Chamberlain Thomas Holles, the Duke of Newcastle to look for new singers. [ 20 ] Handel travelled to Dresden to attend the newly built opera. Pada bulan Mei 1719 Handel diperintahkan oleh Lord Chamberlain Thomas Holles, Duke of Newcastle untuk mencari penyanyi baru. [20] Handel melakukan perjalanan ke Dresden untuk menghadiri opera yang baru dibangun. He saw Teofane by Antonio Lotti , and engaged the cast on account of the Royal Academy of Music , founded by a group of aristocrats to secure themselves with a constant supply of baroque opera or opera seria . Dia melihat Teofane oleh Antonio Lotti , dan terlibat dalam dilemparkan pada rekening Royal Academy of Music , didirikan oleh sekelompok kaum bangsawan untuk mengamankan diri dengan pasokan konstan baroque opera atau opera seria . Handel may have invited John Smith, his fellow student in Halle, and his son Johann Christoph Schmidt , to become his secretary and amanuensis . [ 21 ] In or even before 1723, he moved into a Georgian house at 25 Brook Street, which he rented for the rest of his life. [ 9 ] :[387] This house, where he rehearsed, copied music and sold tickets, is now the Handel House Museum . [ 22 ] In 1724 and 1725, within twelve months, Handel wrote three outstanding and successful operas, Giulio Cesare , Tamerlano and Rodelinda , according to Winton Dean an achievement without parallel, with many da capo arias , such as Svegliatevi nel core . Handel mungkin telah mengundang John Smith, sesama mahasiswa di Halle, dan anaknya Johann Christoph Schmidt , untuk menjadi sekretaris dan amanuensis . [21] Pada atau bahkan sebelum 1723, ia pindah ke Georgia rumah di 25 Brook Street, yang ia menyewa untuk sisa hidupnya. [9] : [387] Rumah ini, di mana ia berlatih, disalin musik dan menjual tiket, sekarang Handel House Museum . [22] Pada 1724 1725, dan dalam dua belas bulan, Handel menulis tiga beredar dan opera sukses, Giulio Cesare , Tamerlano dan Rodelinda , menurut Winton Dean sebuah prestasi tanpa paralel, dengan banyak aria da capo , seperti inti pasukan penjaga perdamaian Svegliatevi . After composing Silete venti , he concentrated on opera and stopped writing cantatas. Scipio , from which we have the regimental slow march of the British Grenadier Guards [ 2 ] :[194] was performed as a stopgap, waiting for the arrival of Faustina Bordoni . Setelah menyusun venti Silete, ia berkonsentrasi pada opera dan berhenti cantatas menulis. Scipio , dari mana kita memiliki berbaris lambat resimen dari British Pengawal Grenadier [2] : [194] dilakukan sebagai pengganti sementara, menunggu kedatangan Faustina Bordoni .In 1727 Handel was commissioned to write four anthems for the coronation ceremony of King George II . Handel pada tahun 1727 ditugaskan untuk menulis empat lagu kebangsaan untuk upacara penobatan Raja George II . One of these, Zadok the Priest , has been played at every British coronation ceremony since. Salah satunya, Imam Zadok , telah dimainkan pada setiap upacara penobatan Inggris sejak. In 1728 John Gay's The Beggar's Opera premiered at Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre and ran for 62 consecutive performances, the longest run in theatre history up to that time. Dalam 1728 John Gay pengemis Opera perdana di Lincoln Inn Fields Teater dan berlari untuk 62 pertunjukan berturut-turut, jangka terpanjang dalam sejarah teater sampai saat itu. After nine years Handel's contract was ended by the directors but he soon started a new company. Setelah sembilan tahun kontrak Handel itu berakhir oleh direksi namun ia segera memulai sebuah perusahaan baru.
The Queen's Theatre in Haymarket (now Her Majesty's Theatre ), established in 1705 by architect and playwright John Vanbrugh , quickly became an opera house . [ 23 ] and between 1711 and 1739, more than 25 of Handel's operas were premièred there. [ 24 ] In 1729 Handel became joint manager of the Theatre with John James Heidegger . The Queen's Theatre di Haymarket (sekarang Her Majesty's Theatre ), didirikan pada 1705 oleh arsitek dan dramawan John Vanbrugh , dengan cepat menjadi sebuah gedung opera . [23] dan antara 1711 dan 1739, lebih dari 25 organisasi-opera Handel yang ditayangkan di sana. [24] Handel tahun 1729 menjadi manajer bersama Teater dengan John James Heidegger .
[ edit ] Opera at Covent Garden (1734–41) [ sunting ] Opera di Covent Garden (1734-1741)
In April 1737, at age 52, Handel suffered an apparent stroke which left his right arm temporarily paralysed, preventing him from performing. [ 9 ] :[395] He also complained of difficulties in focussing his eyesight. [ citation needed ] In summer the disorder seemed at times to affect his understanding. Pada bulan April 1737, pada usia 52, Handel menderita stroke yang jelas yang kiri sementara tangan kanannya lumpuh, mencegah dia dari melakukan. [9] : 395] Ia juga mengeluhkan kesulitan dalam berfokus nya. penglihatan [[ rujukan? ] Di musim panas sepertinya gangguan di kali untuk mempengaruhi pemahamannya. Nobody expected that Handel would ever be able to perform again. Tidak ada yang diharapkan Handel akan pernah mampu tampil lagi. But whether the affliction was rheumatism, a stroke or a nervous breakdown, he recovered remarkably quickly. [ 28 ] To aid his recovery, Handel had travelled to Aachen , a spa in Germany. Tapi apakah penderitaan itu rematik, stroke atau gangguan saraf, ia sembuh sangat cepat. [28] Untuk membantu pemulihan, Handel telah melakukan perjalanan ke Aachen , spa di Jerman. During six weeks he took long hot baths, and ending up playing the organ for a surprised audience. [ 29 ] Selama enam minggu ia mengambil panas mandi lama, dan berakhir bermain organ untuk audiens terkejut. [29]
Deidamia his last, and only baroque opera without an accompagnato , was performed three times. Deidamia nya terakhir, dan hanya opera barok tanpa accompagnato , dilakukan tiga kali. Having lost a fortune in operatic management, [ citation needed ] Handel gave up the business in 1741. Setelah kehilangan keberuntungan dalam manajemen opera, [ rujukan? ] Handel menyerah bisnis pada 1741. In the meantime John Walsh published six organ concertos and Twelve Grand Concertos . Sementara itu John Walsh diterbitkan concerto organ enam dan Dua Belas Grand concerto . Handel enjoyed success with his English oratorios. Handel menikmati kesuksesan dengan oratorios bahasa Inggris-nya.
[ edit ] Oratorio [ sunting ] Oratorio
It is evident how much he learnt from Corelli about writing for instruments, and from Alessandro Scarlatti about writing for the solo voice; but there is no single composer who taught him how to write for chorus. Hal ini terbukti berapa banyak dia belajar dari Corelli tentang menulis untuk instrumen, dan dari Alessandro Scarlatti tentang menulis untuk suara solo, tetapi tidak ada komposer tunggal yang mengajarinya bagaimana menulis untuk paduan suara. Handel tended more and more to replace Italian soloists by English ones. Handel cenderung lebih banyak dan lebih banyak untuk mengganti solois Italia oleh orang Inggris. The weightiest reason for this change was the dwindling financial returns from his operas. [ 33 ] Thus a tradition was created for oratorios which was to govern their future performance. Alasan weightiest untuk perubahan ini adalah pengembalian keuangan berkurang dari opera nya. [33] Jadi tradisi diciptakan untuk oratorios yang mengatur kinerja masa depan mereka. The performances were given without costumes and action; the performers appeared in a black suit. [ 34 ] Kinerja diberi tanpa kostum dan tindakan; para pemain muncul dalam setelan hitam. [34]
During the summer of 1741, the 3rd Duke of Devonshire invited Handel to Dublin to give concerts for the benefit of local hospitals. [ 5 ] :[40, 41] His Messiah was first performed at the New Music Hall in Fishamble Street , on 13 April 1742, with 26 boys and five men from the combined choirs of St Patrick's and Christ Church cathedrals participating. [ 39 ] :[48] Handel secured a balance between soloists and chorus which he never surpassed. Selama musim panas 1741, para 3 Duke of Devonshire diundang Handel ke Dublin untuk memberikan konser untuk kepentingan rumah sakit setempat. [5] : [40, 41] Nya Mesias pertama kali dilakukan di New Music Hall di Fishamble Street , pada tanggal 13 April 1742, dengan 26 anak laki-laki dan lima orang dari paduan suara gabungan St Patrick dan Kristus Gereja katedral berpartisipasi. [39] : [48] Handel dijamin keseimbangan antara solois dan paduan suara yang ia tidak pernah dilampaui.
The use of English soloists reached its height at the first performance of Samson . Penggunaan solois Inggris mencapai puncaknya pada kinerja pertama Simson . The work is highly theatrical. Jephtha was first performed on 26 February 1752; even though it was his last oratorio, it was no less a masterpiece than his earlier works. [ 9 ] :[354–55] adalah pekerjaan yang sangat teatrikal. Yang Jephtha pertama kali dilakukan pada 26 Februari 1752, bahkan meskipun itu Oratorio terakhir, itu tidak kurang suatu karya dari karya sebelumnya. [9] : [354-55]
[ edit ] Later years [ sunting ] Kemudian tahun
In August 1750, on a journey back from Germany to London, Handel was seriously injured in a carriage accident between The Hague and Haarlem in the Netherlands. [ 5 ] :[63] In 1751 his eyesight started to fail in one eye. Pada bulan Agustus 1750, pada perjalanan kembali dari Jerman ke London, Handel terluka parah dalam sebuah kecelakaan kereta antara Den Haag dan Haarlem di Belanda. [5] : [63] Pada 1751 penglihatannya mulai gagal dalam satu mata. The cause was a cataract which was operated on by the great charlatan Chevalier Taylor . Penyebabnya adalah katarak yang dioperasikan pada oleh penipu besar Chevalier Taylor . This led to uveitis and subsequent loss of vision. Hal ini menyebabkan uveitis dan kehilangan penglihatan berikutnya. He died some eight years later in 1759 in London, at the age of 74, with his last attended performance being his own Messiah . Ia meninggal sekitar delapan tahun kemudian pada 1759 di London, pada usia 74, dengan dihadiri nya penampilan terakhir keberadaannya Mesias sendiri. More than three thousand mourners attended his funeral, which was given full state honours, and he was buried in Westminster Abbey . [ 39 ] :[60] Lebih dari tiga ribu pelayat menghadiri pemakamannya, yang diberikan pejabat negara penuh, dan ia dimakamkan di Westminster Abbey . [39] : [60]
Handel never married, and kept his personal life private. Handel pernah menikah, dan terus kehidupan pribadinya pribadi. He left a sizable estate at his death, worth £20,000, the bulk of which he bequeathed to a niece in Germany, with additional gifts to his other relations, servants, friends and favourite charities. Dia meninggalkan estate yang cukup besar pada saat kematiannya, senilai £ 20.000, sebagian besar yang diwariskan kepada keponakan di Jerman, dengan hadiah tambahan untuk hubungan yang lain, pelayan, teman dan amal favorit.
[ edit ] Works [ sunting ] Pekerjaan
- Main articles: List of compositions by George Frideric Handel and List of operas by Handel . Artikel utama: Daftar komposisi oleh George Frideric Handel dan Daftar opera oleh Handel .
Handel introduced various previously uncommon musical instruments in his works: the viola d'amore and violetta marina ( Orlando ), the lute ( Ode for St. Cecilia's Day ), three trombones (Saul), clarinets or small high cornets ( Tamerlano ), theorbo , horn ( Water Music ), lyrichord , double bassoon , viola da gamba , bell chimes , positive organ , and harp ( Giulio Cesare , Alexander's Feast ). [ 40 ] Handel diperkenalkan sebelumnya musik berbagai instrumen biasa dalam karyanya: yang biola d'amore dan marina Violetta (Orlando), dengan kecapi (Ode untuk St Cecilia's Day), tiga trombon (Saul), klarinet atau tinggi kecil cornets (Tamerlano), theorbo , tanduk ( Musik Air ), lyrichord , bassoon ganda , viola da Gamba , bel lonceng , organ positif , dan kecapi (Giulio Cesare, Alexander's Feast). [40]
Handel's works have been catalogued in the Händel-Werke-Verzeichnis and are commonly referred to by a HWV number. karya-karya Handel telah katalog di Handel-Werke-Verzeichnis dan sering disebut oleh sejumlah HWV. For example, Messiah is catalogued as HWV 56. Sebagai contoh, Mesias adalah katalog sebagai HWV 56.
[ edit ] Legacy [ sunting ] Warisan
| " Ombra mai fù " (and the introductory recitative ), as performed by Enrico Caruso in 1920. " Ombra mai fu "(dan pengantar recitative ), seperti yang dilakukan oleh Enrico Caruso pada tahun 1920. |
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Since the 1960s, with the revival of interest in baroque music, original instrument playing styles, and the prevalence of countertenors who could more accurately replicate castrato roles, interest has revived in Handel's Italian operas, and many have been recorded and performed onstage. Since the Early Music Revival the fifty operas he wrote were performed in opera houses and concert halls.
Recent decades have also seen the revival of a number of secular cantatas and what one might call 'secular oratorios' or 'concert operas'. Of the former, Ode for St. Cecilia's Day (1739) (set to texts by John Dryden ) and Ode for the Birthday of Queen Anne (1713) are particularly noteworthy. For his secular oratorios, Handel turned to classical mythology for subjects, producing such works as Acis and Galatea (1719), Hercules (1745) and Semele (1744). In terms of musical style, particularly in the vocal writing for the English-language texts, these works have a close kinship with the sacred oratorios, but they also share something of the lyrical and dramatic qualities of Handel's Italian operas. As such, they are sometimes performed onstage by small chamber ensembles. With the rediscovery of his theatrical works, Handel, in addition to his renown as instrumentalist, orchestral writer, and melodist, is now perceived as being one of opera's great musical dramatists.
After Handel's death, many composers wrote works based on or inspired by his music. The first movement from Louis Spohr 's Symphony No. 6 , Op. 116, "The Age of Bach and Handel", resembles two melodies from Handel's Messiah . In 1797 Ludwig van Beethoven published the 12 Variations in G major on 'See the conqu'ring hero comes' from Judas Maccabaeus by Handel , for cello and piano. Guitar virtuoso Mauro Giuliani composed his Variations on a Theme by Handel, Op. 107 for guitar, based on Handel's Suite No. 5 in E major, HWV 430, for harpsichord. In 1861, using a theme from the second of Handel's harpsichord suites, Johannes Brahms wrote the Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel , Op. 24, one of his most successful works (it even received praise from Richard Wagner ). Several works by the French composer Félix-Alexandre Guilmant use themes by Handel, for example his March on a Theme by Handel for organ, which uses a theme from Messiah . French composer and flautist Philippe Gaubert wrote his Petite marche for flute and piano based on the fourth movement of Handel's Trio Sonata, Op. 5, No. 2, HWV 397. Argentine composer Luis Gianneo composed his Variations on a Theme by Handel for piano. In 1911, Australian-born composer and pianist Percy Grainger based one of his most famous works on the final movement of Handel's Suite No. 5 in E major (just like Giuliani). He first wrote some variations on the theme, which he titled Variations on Handel's 'The Harmonious Blacksmith' . Then he used the first sixteen bars of his set of variations to create Handel in the Strand , one of his most beloved pieces, of which he made several versions (for example, the piano solo version from 1930). Arnold Schoenberg 's Concerto for String Quartet and Orchestra in B flat major (1933) was composed after Handel's Concerto Grosso, Op. 6/7. 6 / 7.
Handel adopted the spelling "George Frideric Handel" on his naturalisation as a British subject, and this spelling is generally used in English-speaking countries. The original form of his name, Georg Friedrich Händel, is generally used in Germany and elsewhere, but he is known as "Haendel" in France. Another composer with a similar name, Handl, was a Slovene and is more commonly known as Jacobus Gallus .
[ edit ] Veneration [ sunting ] Penghormatan
Handel is honored together with Johann Sebastian Bach and Henry Purcell with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA) on July 28.He is commemorated as a musician in the Calendar of Saints of the Lutheran Church on July 28, with Johann Sebastian Bach and Heinrich Schütz .
Johann Sebastian Bach
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Dari Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas
This article is about the Baroque composer. Artikel ini adalah tentang komposer Baroque. For his grandson of the same name, see Johann Sebastian Bach (painter) . Untuk cucunya dengan nama yang sama, lihat Johann Sebastian Bach (pelukis) . For other uses of Bach, see Bach (disambiguation) . Untuk kegunaan lain dari Bach, lihat Bach (disambiguasi) .
Revered for their intellectual depth, technical command and artistic beauty, Bach's works include the Brandenburg concertos , the Goldberg Variations , the Partitas , The Well-Tempered Clavier , the Mass in B Minor , the St Matthew Passion , the St John Passion , the Magnificat , The Musical Offering , The Art of Fugue , the English and French Suites , the Sonatas and Partitas for solo violin , the Cello Suites , more than 200 surviving cantatas , and a similar number of organ works, including the celebrated Toccata and Fugue in D minor and Passacaglia and Fugue in C minor . Dihormati untuk kedalaman intelektual mereka, perintah teknis dan keindahan artistik, karya-karya Bach meliputi concerto Brandenburg , yang Goldberg Variasi , yang Partitas , The-Tempered Clavier Nah , yang Misa dalam B Minor , yang St Matthew Passion , yang St John Passion , yang Magnificat , The Musical Penawaran , The Art of Fugue , dalam bahasa Inggris dan Perancis Suites , yang sonata dan Partitas untuk biola solo , yang Suites Cello , lebih dari 200 masih hidup cantatas , dan sejumlah sama organ karya, termasuk merayakan Toccata dan Fugue dalam D kecil dan Passacaglia dan Fugue di C minor .
Bach's abilities as an organist were highly respected throughout Europe during his lifetime, although he was not widely recognised as a great composer until a revival of interest and performances of his music in the first half of the 19th century. kemampuan Bach sebagai suatu organ yang sangat dihormati di seluruh Eropa selama hidupnya, meskipun ia tidak secara luas diakui sebagai seorang komposer besar sampai kebangkitan minat dan pertunjukan musik pada paruh pertama abad ke-19. He is now generally regarded one of the main composers of the Baroque style, and as one of the greatest composers of all time. [ 4 ] Dia sekarang umumnya dianggap salah satu komposer utama dari gaya Baroque, dan sebagai salah satu komposer terbesar sepanjang masa. [4]
Childhood (1685–1703) Childhood (1685-1703)
Bach's mother died in 1694, and his father eight months later. [ 8 ] The 10-year-old orphan moved in with his oldest brother, Johann Christoph Bach (1671–1721), the organist at the Michaeliskirche in nearby Ohrdruf . [ 9 ] There, he copied, studied and performed music, and apparently received valuable teaching from his brother, who instructed him on the clavichord . Ibu Bach meninggal pada 1694, dan ayahnya delapan bulan kemudian. [8] 10 tahun anak yatim tinggal bersama tertua saudaranya, Johann Christoph Bach (1671-1721), yang organis di Michaeliskirche di dekatnya Ohrdruf . [9 ] Di sana, ia disalin, dipelajari dan dilakukan musik, dan tampaknya menerima pengajaran berharga dari saudaranya, yang memerintahkan dia di clavichord . JC Bach exposed him to the works of the great South German composers of the day, such as Johann Pachelbel (under whom Johann Christoph had studied) [ 10 ] and Johann Jakob Froberger ; possibly to the music of North German composers; to Frenchmen, such as Jean-Baptiste Lully , Louis Marchand , Marin Marais ; and to the Italian clavierist Girolamo Frescobaldi . JC Bach terkena dia untuk karya-karya komposer besar Jerman Selatan hari, seperti Johann Pachelbel (di bawah siapa Johann Christoph telah mempelajari) [10] dan Johann Jakob Froberger , mungkin dengan musik dari komponis Jerman Utara; untuk Prancis, seperti sebagai Jean-Baptiste Lully , Louis Marchand , Marin Marais , dan ke clavierist Italia Girolamo Frescobaldi . The young Bach probably witnessed and assisted in the maintenance of the organ music. Bach muda mungkin menyaksikan dan membantu dalam pemeliharaan musik organ. Bach's obituary indicates that he copied music out of Johann Christoph's scores, but his brother had apparently forbidden him to do so, possibly because scores were valuable and private commodities at the time. obituari Bach menunjukkan bahwa ia disalin musik keluar dari nilai Johann Christoph, tapi saudaranya rupanya dia dilarang untuk melakukannya, mungkin karena skor komoditas berharga dan swasta pada saat itu.
At the age of 14, Bach, along with his older school friend George Erdmann, was awarded a choral scholarship to study at the prestigious St. Michael's School in Lüneburg , not far from the northern seaport of Hamburg , one of the largest cities in the Holy Roman Empire . [ 11 ] This involved a long journey with his friend, probably undertaken partly on foot and partly by coach. Pada usia 14, Bach, bersama dengan teman sekolah yang lebih tua, George Erdmann, mendapat beasiswa paduan suara untuk belajar di St Michael's School bergengsi di Lüneburg , tidak jauh dari pelabuhan utara Hamburg , salah satu kota terbesar di Kekaisaran Romawi Suci . [11] ini lama perjalanan terlibat dengan temannya, mungkin dilakukan sebagian berjalan kaki dan sebagian lagi oleh pelatih. His two years there appear to have been critical in exposing him to a wider palette of European culture than he would have experienced in Thuringia . Nya dua tahun ada tampaknya telah kritis dalam mengungkap dia palet yang lebih luas dari budaya Eropa dari dia akan telah berpengalaman dalam Thuringia . In addition to singing in the a cappella choir, it is likely that he played the School's three-manual organ and its harpsichords. Selain bernyanyi dalam paduan suara acapela, maka kemungkinan bahwa ia memainkan organ tiga-manual Sekolah dan harpsichord nya. He probably learned French and Italian, and received a thorough grounding in theology, Latin, history, geography, and physics. Dia mungkin belajar bahasa Prancis dan Italia, dan menerima landasan menyeluruh dalam teologi, Latin, sejarah, geografi, dan fisika. He would have come into contact with sons of noblemen from northern Germany sent to the highly selective school to prepare for careers in diplomacy, government, and the military. Dia akan datang ke dalam kontak dengan anak-anak bangsawan dari Jerman Utara dikirim ke sekolah sangat selektif untuk mempersiapkan karir dalam diplomasi, pemerintah, dan militer.
Although little supporting historical evidence exists at this time, it is almost certain that while in Lüneburg, young Bach would have visited the Johanniskirche (Church of St. John) and heard (and possibly played) the church's famous organ (built in 1549 by Jasper Johannsen and nicknamed the "Böhm organ" after its most prominent master, Georg Böhm ). Meskipun sedikit yang mendukung bukti sejarah ada saat ini, hampir pasti bahwa sementara di Lüneburg, Bach muda akan mengunjungi Johanniskirche (Gereja St Yohanes) dan mendengar (dan mungkin dimainkan) terkenal organ gereja (dibangun tahun 1549 oleh Jasper Johannsen dan dijuluki "organ Bohm" setelah paling menonjol tuannya, Georg Bohm ). Given his innate musical talent, Bach would have had significant contact with prominent organists of the day in Lüneburg, most notably Böhm (the organist at Johanniskirche) as well as organists in nearby Hamburg, such as Johann Adam Reincken . [ 12 ] Mengingat bakat bawaan musik, Bach akan memiliki kontak signifikan dengan organists terkemuka hari di Lüneburg, terutama Bohm (yang organis di Johanniskirche) serta organists di Hamburg terdekat, seperti Johann Adam Reincken . [12]
Arnstadt to Weimar (1703–08) Arnstadt untuk Weimar (1703-1708)
Strong family connections and a musically enthusiastic employer failed to prevent tension between the young organist and the authorities after several years in the post. hubungan keluarga yang kuat dan majikan musik antusias gagal mencegah ketegangan antara organ muda dan pihak berwenang setelah beberapa tahun di pos. He was apparently dissatisfied with the standard of singers in the choir; more seriously, there was his unauthorised absence from Arnstadt for several months in 1705–06, when he visited the great master Dieterich Buxtehude and his Abendmusiken at the Marienkirche in the northern city of Lübeck . Dia rupanya tidak puas dengan standar penyanyi di paduan suara, lebih serius, tidak ada yang tidak sah dari Arnstadt selama beberapa bulan di 1705-1706, ketika ia mengunjungi guru besar Dieterich Buxtehude dan nya Abendmusiken di Marienkirche di kota utara Lübeck . This well-known incident in Bach's life involved his walking some 400 kilometres (250 mi) each way to spend time with the man he probably regarded as the father figure of German organists. Insiden ini terkenal dalam kehidupan Bach terlibat nya berjalan sekitar 400 kilometer (250 mil) setiap cara untuk menghabiskan waktu dengan pria yang mungkin dianggap sebagai figur ayah dari organists Jerman. The trip reinforced Buxtehude's style as a foundation for Bach's earlier works, and that he overstayed his planned visit by several months suggests that his time with the old man was of great value to his art. Perjalanan diperkuat gaya Buxtehude sebagai dasar bagi karya-karya sebelumnya Bach, dan bahwa dia overstay rencana kunjungan itu dengan beberapa bulan menunjukkan bahwa waktunya dengan orang tua itu nilai yang besar untuk seni. According to legend, both Bach and George Frideric Handel wanted to become amanuensis (assistant and successor) to Buxtehude, but neither wanted to marry his daughter, as that was a condition for the position. [ 16 ] Johann Christian Schieferdecker eventually accepted the job in 1707. [ 17 ] Menurut legenda, baik Bach dan George Frideric Handel ingin menjadi amanuensis (asisten dan penerusnya) untuk Buxtehude, tetapi tidak ingin menikahi putrinya, karena itu adalah kondisi untuk posisi itu. [16] Johann Christian Schieferdecker akhirnya menerima pekerjaan di 1707. [17]
| “ " | Johann Sebastian Bach, organist here at the New Church, appeared and stated that, as he walked home yesterday, fairly late night ... Johann Sebastian Bach, organis di sini, di Gereja Baru, muncul dan menyatakan bahwa, ketika ia berjalan pulang kemarin, malam cukup larut ... six students were sitting on the "Langenstein" (Long Stone), and as he passed the town hall, the student Geyersbach went after him with a stick, calling him to account: Why had he [Bach] made abusive remarks about him? enam siswa sedang duduk di "Langenstein" (Long Stone), dan ketika ia melewati balai kota, mahasiswa Geyersbach pergi setelah dia dengan tongkat, memanggilnya ke account: Mengapa dia [Bach] membuat pernyataan yang kasar tentang dia? He [Bach] answered that he had made no abusive remarks about him, and that no one could prove it, for he had gone his way very quietly. Ia [Bach] menjawab bahwa ia tidak membuat komentar kasar tentang dirinya, dan bahwa tidak ada yang bisa membuktikan hal itu, karena ia pergi jalan-Nya sangat pelan. Geyersbach retorted that while he [Bach] might not have maligned him, he had maligned his bassoon at some time, and whoever insulted his belongings insulted him as well ... Geyersbach balas bahwa sementara dia [Bach] mungkin tidak difitnah, dia telah difitnah bassoon di beberapa waktu, dan siapa pun yang menghina harta miliknya menghina dia juga ... [Geyersbach] had at once struck out at him. [Geyersbach] telah sekaligus menyerang keluar padanya. Since he had not been prepared for this, he had been about to draw his dagger, but Geyersbach had fallen into his arms, and the two of them tumbled about until the rest of the students ... Karena ia tidak pernah siap untuk ini, ia telah sekitar untuk menarik belatinya, tapi Geyersbach telah jatuh ke dalam pelukannya, dan mereka berdua terguling tentang sampai seluruh mahasiswa ... had rushed toward them and separated them. [ 18 ] bergegas ke arah mereka dan memisahkan mereka. [18] | ” " |
The church and city government at Mühlhausen agreed to his plan for an expensive renovation of the organ at St. Blasius's. Pemerintah gereja dan kota di Mühlhausen menyetujui rencananya untuk renovasi mahal organ di St Blasius's. Bach, in turn, wrote an elaborate, festive cantata — Gott ist mein König, BWV 71 — for the inauguration of the new council in 1708. Bach, pada gilirannya, menulis, rumit meriah kantata - Gott ist mein König, BWV 71 - untuk pelantikan dewan baru pada 1708. The council was so delighted with the piece that they paid handsomely for its publication, and twice in later years had the composer return to conduct it. Dewan itu begitu senang dengan potongan bahwa mereka dibayar mahal untuk publikasi, dan dua kali dalam tahun kemudian telah kembali komposer untuk melakukan itu. That same year, Bach was offered a better position in Weimar. Pada tahun yang sama, Bach ditawari posisi yang lebih baik di Weimar.
Weimar (1708–17) Weimar (1708-1717)
After barely a year at Mühlhausen, Bach left, to become the court organist and concertmaster at the ducal court in Weimar, a far cry from his earlier position there as 'lackey'. Setelah hampir satu tahun di Mühlhausen, Bach kiri, untuk menjadi organ pengadilan dan concertmaster di pengadilan yg berkenaan dgn duke di Weimar, jauh dari posisi sebelumnya di sana 'sebagai' pesuruh. The munificent salary on offer at the court and the prospect of working entirely with a large, well-funded contingent of professional musicians may have prompted the move. Gaji banyak sekali yang ditawarkan di pengadilan dan prospek kerja sepenuhnya dengan besar bergerak, baik yang didanai kontingen musisi profesional mungkin telah mendorong. The family moved into an apartment just five minutes' walk from the ducal palace. Keluarga itu pindah ke apartemen hanya lima menit berjalan kaki dari istana yg berkenaan dgn duke. In the following year, their first child was born and they were joined by Maria Barbara's elder, unmarried sister, who remained with them to assist in the running of the household until her death in 1729. Pada tahun berikutnya, anak pertama mereka lahir dan mereka bergabung dengan kakak Maria Barbara, belum menikah, yang tetap dengan mereka untuk membantu dalam menjalankan rumah tangga sampai kematiannya pada 1729. It was in Weimar that the two musically significant sons were born—Wilhelm Friedemann and Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach. Itu adalah di Weimar bahwa kedua anak musik signifikan lahir-Wilhelm Friedemann dan Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach.
Bach's position in Weimar marked the start of a sustained period of composing keyboard and orchestral works, in which he had attained the technical proficiency and confidence to extend the prevailing large-scale structures and to synthesise influences from abroad. posisi Bach di Weimar menandai dimulainya periode waktu yang berkelanjutan keyboard menyusun dan karya orkestra, di mana ia telah mencapai kemampuan teknis dan kepercayaan diri untuk memperpanjang struktur skala besar yang berlaku dan untuk mensintesis pengaruh dari luar negeri. From the music of Italians such as Vivaldi , Corelli and Torelli , he learned how to write dramatic openings and adopted their sunny dispositions, dynamic motor-rhythms and decisive harmonic schemes. Dari musik Italia seperti Vivaldi , Corelli dan Torelli , ia belajar bagaimana menulis bukaan dramatis dan mengadopsi disposisi cerah mereka, dinamis motor-irama dan skema harmonis menentukan. Bach inducted himself into these stylistic aspects largely by transcribing for harpsichord and organ the ensemble concertos of Vivaldi; these works are still concert favourites. Bach dilantik dirinya ke dalam sebagian besar aspek gaya dengan mencatat untuk piano dan organ concerto ansambel dari Vivaldi, karya-karya ini masih favorit konser. He may have picked up the idea of transcribing the latest fashionable Italian music from Prince Johann Ernst , one of his employers, who was a musician of professional calibre. Dia mungkin telah mengambil gagasan menyalin modis musik Italia terbaru dari Pangeran Johann Ernst , salah satu pengusaha, yang adalah seorang musisi sekaliber profesional. In 1713, the Duke returned from a tour of the Low Countries with a large collection of scores, some of them possibly transcriptions of the latest fashionable Italian music by the blind organist Jan Jacob de Graaf. Pada tahun 1713, Duke kembali dari tur ke Negara Rendah dengan koleksi besar skor, beberapa dari mereka mungkin transkripsi modis musik Italia terbaru oleh Jan buta organis Jacob de Graaf. Bach was particularly attracted to the Italian solo-tutti structure, in which one or more solo instruments alternate section-by-section with the full orchestra throughout a movement. Bach terutama tertarik dengan struktur solo-Tutti Italia, di mana satu atau lebih instrumen solo bagian-alternatif oleh-bagian dengan orkestra penuh seluruh gerakan.
In Weimar, he had the opportunity to play and compose for the organ, and to perform a varied repertoire of concert music with the duke's ensemble. Di Weimar, ia memiliki kesempatan untuk bermain dan menulis untuk organ, dan untuk melakukan beragam repertoar konser musik dengan ansambel duke's. A master of contrapuntal technique, Bach's steady output of fugues began in Weimar. Seorang guru kontrapungtal teknik, stabil output's Bach dari fugues dimulai di Weimar. The largest single body of his fugal writing is Das wohltemperierte Clavier ("The well-tempered keyboard"— Clavier meaning keyboard instrument). [ 20 ] It consists of two collections compiled in 1722 and 1744, [ 21 ] each containing a prelude and fugue in every major and minor key . [ 22 ] This is a monumental work for its masterful use of counterpoint and its exploration, for the first time, of the full range of keys–and the means of expression made possible by their slight differences from each other—available to keyboardists when their instruments are tuned according to systems such as that of Andreas Werckmeister . Tubuh tunggal terbesar menulis fugal nya Das Clavier wohltemperierte ("The-marah keyboard baik" - yang berarti Clavier instrumen keyboard). [20] ini terdiri dari dua koleksi disusun pada tahun 1722 dan 1744, [21] setiap pendahuluan yang berisi dan fuga di setiap besar dan kunci minor . [22] Ini adalah karya monumental untuk penggunaan ahli atas tandingan dan eksplorasi, untuk pertama kalinya, dari berbagai kunci-dan cara ekspresi yang dimungkinkan oleh sedikit perbedaan dari masing-masing lain-tersedia untuk keyboardists ketika instrumen mereka disetel sesuai dengan sistem seperti itu dari Andreas Werckmeister .
| “ " | On November 6, [1717], the quondam concertmaster and organist Bach was confined to the County Judge's place of detention for too stubbornly forcing the issue of his dismissal and finally on December 2 was freed from arrest with notice of his unfavourable discharge. [ 23 ] Pada tanggal 6 November [1717], yang concertmaster bekas dan organ Bach terbatas County Hakim tempat penahanan terlalu keras kepala memaksa isu pemecatan dan akhirnya pada tanggal 2 Desember dibebaskan dari tahanan dengan pemberitahuan debit yang kurang baik itu. [23 ] | ” " |
Köthen (1717–23) Köthen (1717-1723)
Bach began once again to search out a more stable job that was conducive to his musical interests. Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen hired Bach to serve as his Kapellmeister (director of music). Bach mulai sekali lagi untuk mencari sebuah pekerjaan yang lebih stabil yang kondusif untuk kepentingan musik. Leopold, Pangeran Anhalt-Köthen disewa Bach untuk melayani sebagai nya dirigen (direktur musik). Prince Leopold, himself a musician, appreciated Bach's talents, paid him well, and gave him considerable latitude in composing and performing. Pangeran Leopold, dirinya seorang musisi, menghargai bakat Bach, dibayar dengan baik, dan memberinya lintang yang cukup besar dalam menyusun dan melakukan. The prince was Calvinist and did not use elaborate music in his worship; thus, most of Bach's work from this period was secular, [ 24 ] including the Orchestral suites , the Six Suites for Unaccompanied Cello and the Sonatas and partitas for solo violin . pangeran itu Calvinis dan tidak menggunakan musik rumit dalam ibadah, dengan demikian, sebagian besar adalah pekerjaan Bach dari periode ini adalah sekuler, [24] termasuk suite Orkestra , yang Enam Suites untuk ditemani Cello dan sonata dan partitas untuk biola solo . The well-known Brandenburg concertos date from this period. [ 25 ] Bach composed secular cantatas for the court such as the Die Zeit, die Tag und Jahre macht, BWV 134a . Terkenal Brandenburg concerto tanggal dari periode ini. [25] Bach terdiri cantatas sekuler untuk pengadilan seperti Die Zeit, die Tag und Jahre Macht, BWV 134a .On 7 July 1720, while Bach was abroad with Prince Leopold, tragedy struck: his wife, Maria Barbara, the mother of his first 7 children, died suddenly. Pada tanggal 7 Juli 1720, sedangkan Bach luar negeri dengan Prince Leopold, tragedi menimpa: istrinya, Maria Barbara, ibu dari 7 anak pertamanya, meninggal tiba-tiba. The following year, the widower met Anna Magdalena Wilcke , a young, highly gifted soprano 17 years his junior, who performed at the court in Köthen ; they married on 3 December 1721. [ 26 ] Together they had 13 more children, six of whom survived into adulthood: Gottfried Heinrich , Johann Christoph Friedrich and Johann Christian , all of whom became significant musicians; Elisabeth Juliane Friederica (1726–81), who married Bach's pupil Johann Christoph Altnikol; Johanna Carolina (1737–81); and Regina Susanna (1742–1809). [ 27 ] Tahun berikutnya, duda bertemu Anna Magdalena Wilcke , seorang, soprano muda yang sangat berbakat 17 tahun lebih muda, yang dilakukan di pengadilan di Köthen ; menikah pada 3 Desember 1721. mereka [26] Bersama-sama mereka memiliki 13 anak lagi, enam di antaranya selamat menjadi dewasa: Gottfried Heinrich , Johann Christoph Friedrich dan Johann Christian , yang semuanya menjadi musisi yang signifikan; Elisabeth Juliane Friederica (1726-1781), yang menikah Teman-murid Bach Johann Christoph Altnikol; Johanna Carolina (1737-1781), dan Regina Susana ( 1742-1809). [27]
Leipzig (1723–50) Leipzig (1723-1750)
To rehearse and perform these works at St. Thomas Church, Bach probably sat at the harpsichord or stood in front of the choir on the lower gallery at the west end, his back to the congregation and the altar at the east end. Untuk berlatih dan melakukan ini bekerja di Gereja St Thomas, Bach mungkin duduk di piano atau berdiri di depan paduan suara di galeri lebih rendah di ujung barat, kembali kepada jemaat dan altar di ujung timur. He would have looked upwards to the organ that rose from a loft about four metres above. Dia akan tampak ke atas untuk organ yang naik dari loteng sekitar empat meter di atas. To the right of the organ in a side gallery would have been the winds, brass and timpani; to the left were the strings. Di sebelah kanan organ di galeri sisi akan menjadi angin, kuningan dan timpani, ke kiri adalah senar. The Council provided only about eight permanent instrumentalists, a source of continual friction with the Cantor, who had to recruit the rest of the 20 or so players required for medium-to-large scores from the University, the School and the public. Dewan disediakan hanya sekitar delapan instrumentalis permanen, sumber gesekan terus-menerus dengan Cantor, yang harus merekrut sisa 20 atau jadi pemain yang diperlukan untuk skor menengah sampai besar dari Universitas, Sekolah dan masyarakat. The organ or harpsichord was probably played by the composer (when not standing to conduct), the in-house organist, or one of Bach's elder sons, Wilhelm Friedemann or Carl Philipp Emanuel. Organ atau piano kuno mungkin dimainkan oleh komposer (jika tidak berdiri untuk melakukan), yang organis di-rumah, atau salah satu dari anak sulung Bach, Wilhelm Friedemann atau Carl Philipp Emanuel.
Bach drew the soprano and alto choristers from the School, and the tenors and basses from the School and elsewhere in Leipzig. Bach menarik choristers soprano dan alto dari Sekolah, dan tenor dan bass dari Sekolah dan di tempat lain di Leipzig. Performing at weddings and funerals provided extra income for these groups; it was probably for this purpose, and for in-school training, that he wrote at least six motets , mostly for double choir . Tampil di pernikahan dan pemakaman diberikan penghasilan tambahan bagi kelompok-kelompok ini, itu mungkin untuk tujuan ini, dan untuk-sekolah pelatihan dalam, bahwa ia menulis sedikitnya enam motets , sebagian besar untuk paduan suara ganda . As part of his regular church work, he performed motets of the Venetian School and Germans such as Heinrich Schütz , which would have served as formal models for his own motets. Sebagai bagian dari pekerjaan gereja yang teratur, ia melakukan motets dari Sekolah Venesia dan Jerman seperti Heinrich Schütz , yang akan berfungsi sebagai model formal untuk motets sendiri.
Having spent much of the 1720s composing cantatas, Bach had assembled a huge repertoire of church music for Leipzig's two main churches. Setelah menghabiskan banyak dari menyusun cantatas 1720-an, Bach telah mengumpulkan repertoar besar musik gereja selama dua Leipzig gereja utama. He now wished to broaden his composing and performing beyond the liturgy. Dia sekarang ingin memperluas nya menyusun dan melaksanakan di luar liturgi. In March 1729, he took over the directorship of the Collegium Musicum , a secular performance ensemble that had been started in 1701 by his old friend, the composer Georg Philipp Telemann . Pada bulan Maret 1729, ia mengambil alih jabatan direktur dari Musicum Collegium , ansambel kinerja sekuler yang telah dimulai pada 1701 oleh teman lamanya, komposer Georg Philipp Telemann . This was one of the dozens of private societies in the major German-speaking cities that had been established by musically active university students; these societies had come to play an increasingly important role in public musical life and were typically led by the most prominent professionals in a city. Ini adalah salah satu dari lusinan masyarakat swasta di kota-kota besar berbahasa Jerman yang telah didirikan oleh mahasiswa musik aktif; ini masyarakat datang untuk memainkan peran yang semakin penting dalam kehidupan musik publik dan biasanya dipimpin oleh para profesional yang paling menonjol dalam kota. In the words of Christoph Wolff , assuming the directorship was a shrewd move that 'consolidated Bach's firm grip on Leipzig's principal musical institutions'. [ 30 ] During much of the year, Leipzig's Collegium Musicum gave twice-weekly, two-hour performances in Zimmerman's Coffeehouse on Catherine Street, just off the main market square. Dalam kata-kata Christoph Wolff , dengan asumsi direktur ini merupakan suatu langkah yang cerdas bahwa 'perusahaan pegangan konsolidasi Bach pada musik lembaga pelaku Leipzig. [30] Selama banyak tahun, Leipzig Collegium Musicum memberikan dua kali seminggu, dua jam pertunjukan di Zimmerman's kedai kopi di Catherine Street, tak jauh dari alun-alun pasar utama. For this purpose, the proprietor provided a large hall and acquired several musical instruments. Untuk tujuan ini, pemilik memberikan ruang yang besar dan diperoleh beberapa alat musik. Many of Bach's works during the 1730s and 1740s were probably written for and performed by the Collegium Musicum; among these were almost certainly parts of the Clavier-Übung ( Keyboard Practice ) and many of the violin and harpsichord concertos . Banyak dari karya-karya Bach selama 1730s dan 1740-an yang mungkin ditulis untuk dan dilakukan oleh Musicum Collegium, antara ini hampir pasti bagian dari Clavier-Ubung (Keyboard Praktek) dan banyak biola dan concerto harpsichord .
In 1747, Bach went to the court of Frederick II of Prussia in Potsdam , where the king played a theme for Bach and challenged him to improvise a fugue based on his theme. Pada tahun 1747, Bach pergi ke pengadilan Frederick II dari Prusia di Potsdam , di mana raja memainkan tema untuk Bach dan menantang dia untuk berimprovisasi sebuah fuga berdasarkan tema-nya. Bach improvised a three-part fugue on Frederick's pianoforte , then a novelty, and later presented the king with a Musical Offering which consists of fugues, canons and a trio based on the "royal theme," nominated by the monarch. Bach improvisasi sebuah bagian fuga tiga di Frederick pianoforte , maka hal yang baru, dan kemudian disajikan raja dengan Penawaran Musik yang terdiri dari fugues, kanon dan trio berdasarkan "tema kerajaan," dicalonkan oleh raja. Its six-part fugue includes a slightly altered subject more suitable for extensive elaboration. enam-bagian fuga Its mencakup subjek sedikit diubah lebih cocok untuk elaborasi luas.
The Art of Fugue , published posthumously but probably written years before Bach's death, is unfinished. The Art of Fugue , diterbitkan secara anumerta tapi mungkin ditulis tahun sebelum kematian Bach, belum selesai. It consists of 18 complex fugues and canons based on a simple theme. [ 32 ] A magnum opus of thematic transformation and contrapuntal devices, this work is often cited as the summation of polyphonic techniques. Ini terdiri dari 18 fugues kompleks dan kanon berdasarkan tema sederhana. [32] opus magnum Sebuah transformasi tematik dan perangkat kontrapungtal, pekerjaan ini sering disebut sebagai ringkasan dari teknik polifonik.
The final work Bach completed was a chorale prelude for organ, dictated to his son-in-law, Johann Altnikol , from his deathbed. Karya Bach selesai akhir adalah awal nyanyian untuk paduan suara untuk organ, didikte-anaknya-hukum, Johann Altnikol , dari ranjang kematiannya. Entitled Vor deinen Thron tret ich hiermit ( Before thy throne I now appear , BWV 668a); when the notes on the three staves of the final cadence are counted and mapped onto the Roman alphabet, the initials "JSB" are found. [ 33 ] The chorale is often played after the unfinished 14th fugue to conclude performances of The Art of Fugue . Berjudul Vor deinen ich tret Thron hiermit (Sebelum takhta-Mu aku sekarang muncul, BWV 668a), ketika catatan pada tiga stave dari irama akhir dihitung dan dipetakan ke abjad Romawi, inisial "JSB" ditemukan. [33] nyanyian untuk paduan suara ini sering diputar setelah 14 fuga belum selesai untuk menyimpulkan kinerja The Art of Fugue.
Death (1750) Kematian (1750)
A modern reconstruction of Bach's head using computer modelling techniques, unveiled 3 March 2008 in Berlin, showed the composer as a strong-jawed man with a slight underbite, his large head topped with short, silver hair. [ 41 ] Sebuah rekonstruksi modern kepala Bach's menggunakan model teknik komputer, meluncurkan 3 Maret 2008 di Berlin, menunjukkan komposer sebagai rahang-orang kuat dengan underbite sedikit, kepalanya yang besar atasnya dengan pendek, rambut perak. [41]
Musical style Musik gaya
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There are several more specific features of Bach's style. Ada beberapa fitur yang lebih spesifik gaya Bach. The notation of Baroque melodic lines tended to assume that composers would write out only the basic framework, and that performers would embellish this framework by inserting ornamental notes and otherwise elaborating on it. Notasi garis melodi Barok cenderung untuk menganggap bahwa komponis akan menuliskan hanya kerangka dasar, dan bahwa pemain akan menghiasi kerangka ini dengan memasukkan catatan hias dan sebaliknya menjelaskan di atasnya. Although this practice varied considerably between the schools of European music, Bach was regarded at the time as being on one extreme end of the spectrum, notating most or all of the details of his melodic lines—particularly in his fast movements—thus leaving little for performers to interpolate. Meskipun praktek ini sangat bervariasi antara sekolah-sekolah musik Eropa, Bach dianggap pada waktu itu sebagai di salah satu ujung spektrum ekstrim, notating sebagian besar atau semua rincian garis melodi nya-terutama dalam gerakan-nya cepat sehingga meninggalkan sedikit pemain untuk interpolasi. This may have assisted his control over the dense contrapuntal textures that he favoured, which allow less leeway for the spontaneous variation of musical lines. Ini mungkin membantu kekuasaannya atas kontrapungtal tekstur padat yang ia disukai, yang memungkinkan ruang gerak lebih sedikit untuk variasi spontan garis musik. Bach's contrapuntal textures tend to be more cumulative than those of Händel and most other composers of the day, who would typically allow a line to drop out after it had been joined by two or three others. tekstur kontrapungtal Bach cenderung lebih kumulatif dibandingkan dengan Handel dan kebanyakan komponis lain hari, yang biasanya akan memungkinkan sebuah baris untuk drop out setelah itu telah bergabung dengan dua atau tiga orang lainnya. Bach's harmony is marked by a tendency to employ brief tonicisation —subtle references to another key that lasts for only a few beats at the longest—particularly of the supertonic , to add colour to his textures. Bach's harmoni ditandai dengan kecenderungan untuk mempekerjakan singkat tonicisation halus referensi-lain kunci yang hanya berlangsung selama beberapa ketukan di-terpanjang terutama dari supertonic , untuk menambah warna pada tekstur nya.
Bach's apparently devout, personal relationship with the Christian God in the Lutheran tradition and the high demand for religious music of his times inevitably placed sacred music at the centre of his repertory; more specifically, the Lutheran chorale hymn tune, the principal musical aspect of the Lutheran service, was the basis of much of his output. rupanya taat Bach, hubungan pribadi dengan Allah Kristen di Lutheran tradisi dan tingginya permintaan untuk musik religius nya kali pasti ditempatkan musik sakral di tengah-tengah repertoar-nya, lebih spesifik, nyanyian untuk paduan suara Lutheran himne lagu, aspek musik pokok layanan Lutheran, adalah dasar dari banyak dari output-nya. He invested the chorale prelude, already a standard set of Lutheran forms, with a more cogent, tightly integrated architecture, in which the intervallic patterns and melodic contours of the tune were typically treated in a dense, contrapuntal lattice against relatively slow-moving, overarching statements of the tune. Dia menginvestasikan awal nyanyian untuk paduan suara, sudah satu set standar bentuk Lutheran, dengan meyakinkan lebih, ketat arsitektur terpadu, di mana pola intervallic dan kontur melodi dari lagu itu biasanya dirawat di kisi, padat kontrapungtal terhadap relatif lambat bergerak, menyeluruh laporan nadanya.
Bach's theology informed his compositional structures: Sei Gegrüsset is perhaps the finest example where there is a theme with 11 variations (making 12 movements) that, while still one work, becomes two sets of six—to match Lutheran preaching principles of repetition. Bach's teologi informasi struktur komposisi nya: Sei Gegrüsset mungkin adalah contoh terbaik di mana ada tema dengan 11 variasi (membuat 12 gerakan) yang, sementara masih satu karya, menjadi dua set enam sampai pertandingan Lutheran khotbah prinsip pengulangan. At the same time the theological interpretation of 'master' and 11 disciples would not be lost on his contemporary audience. Pada saat yang sama penafsiran teologis dari 'master' dan 11 murid tidak akan hilang pada penonton kontemporer-nya. Further, the practical relationship of each variation to the next (in preparing registration and the expected textural changes) seems to show an incredible capacity to preach through the music using the musical forms available at the time. Selanjutnya, hubungan praktis dari setiap variasi ke depan (dalam mempersiapkan pendaftaran dan perubahan tekstur diharapkan) tampaknya menunjukkan kapasitas yang luar biasa untuk memberitakan melalui musik menggunakan bentuk musik yang tersedia pada saat itu.
On the largest level, the large-scale structure of some of his sacred vocal works is evidence of subtle, elaborate planning: for example, the overall form of the St Matthew Passion illustrates the liturgical and dramatic flow of the Easter story on a number of levels simultaneously; the text, keys and variations of instrumental and vocal forces used in the movements of the Ascension Oratorio Lobet Gott in seinen Reichen, BWV 11 ) may form a structure that resembles the cross. Pada tingkat terbesar, struktur skala besar beberapa vokal suci karyanya adalah bukti halus, perencanaan yang rumit: misalnya, bentuk keseluruhan dari St Matius Passion dan dramatis menggambarkan aliran liturgi cerita Paskah pada sejumlah tingkat secara simultan, teks, tombol dan variasi dan kekuatan vokal instrumental yang digunakan dalam gerakan Ascension Oratorio Lobet Gott di Seinen Reichen, BWV 11 ) bisa membentuk struktur yang menyerupai salib.
Beyond these specific musical features arising from Bach's religious affiliation is the fact that he was able to produce music for an audience that was committed to serious, regular worship, for which a concentrated density and complexity was accepted. Di luar fitur musik khusus yang timbul dari afiliasi keagamaan Bach adalah fakta bahwa ia mampu menghasilkan musik untuk audiens yang berkomitmen untuk serius, ibadah biasa, yang terkonsentrasi kepadatan dan kompleksitas diterima. His natural inclination may have been to reinvigorate existing forms, rather than to discard them and pursue more dramatic musical innovations. kecenderungan alami Nya mungkin telah untuk menghidupkan kembali bentuk-bentuk yang ada, bukan untuk menghapusnya dan mengejar inovasi musik yang lebih dramatis. Thus, Bach's inventive genius was almost entirely directed towards working within the structures he inherited, according to most critics and historians. Dengan demikian, jenius inventif Bach hampir seluruhnya diarahkan bekerja dalam struktur ia diwarisi, menurut kritikus yang paling dan sejarawan.
Related to his cherished role as teacher was his drive to encompass whole genres by producing collections of movements that thoroughly explore the range of artistic and technical possibilities inherent in those genres. Berhubungan dengan peran dihargai sebagai guru adalah drive untuk mencakup seluruh genre dengan memproduksi koleksi gerakan yang benar-benar mengeksplorasi berbagai kemungkinan artistik dan teknis yang melekat pada mereka genre. The most famous examples are the two books of the Well Tempered Clavier , each of which presents a prelude and fugue in every major and minor key, in which a variety of contrapuntal and fugal techniques are displayed. Contoh yang paling terkenal adalah dua buku dari Tempered Clavier Yah , masing-masing yang menyajikan pendahuluan dan fuga di setiap dan minor kunci utama, di mana berbagai teknik dan fugal kontrapungtal ditampilkan. The English and French Suites, and the Partitas, all keyboard works from the Köthen period, systematically explore a range of metres and of sharp and flat keys. Inggris dan Perancis Suites, dan Partitas, keyboard semua karya dari periode Köthen, sistematis mengeksplorasi berbagai meter dan kunci yang tajam dan datar. This urge to manifest structures is evident throughout his life: the Goldberg Variations (1746?), include a sequence of canons at increasing intervals (unison, seconds, thirds, etc.), and The Art of Fugue (1749) can be seen as a compendium of fugal techniques. Dorongan untuk mewujudkan struktur jelas sepanjang hidupnya: para Variasi Goldberg (1746?), termasuk urutan kanon pada interval meningkat (serempak, detik, pertiga, dll), dan The Art of Fugue (1749) dapat dilihat sebagai ringkasan teknik fugal.
Family members Anggota keluarga
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Wilhelm Friedemann Bach (1710–84) Wilhelm Friedemann Bach (1710-1784) | Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (1714–88) Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (1714-1788) |
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Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach (1732–95) Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach (1732-1795) | Johann Christian Bach (1735–82) Johann Christian Bach (1735-1782) |
See also: Bach family Lihat juga: keluarga Bach
Bach married his second cousin Maria Barbara Bach in 1707. Bach menikah sepupu kedua Maria Barbara Bach tahun 1707. They had seven children, four of whom survived to adulthood: Mereka memiliki tujuh anak, empat di antaranya selamat sampai dewasa: - Catharina Dorothea (1708–74). Catharina Dorothea (1708-1774).
- Wilhelm Friedemann , "the Halle Bach" (1710–84). Wilhelm Friedemann , "Bach Halle" (1710-1784).
- Carl Philipp Emanuel , "the Hamburg Bach" (1714–88). Carl Philipp Emanuel , "Bach Hamburg" (1714-1788).
- Johann Gottfried Bernhard (1715–39). Johann Gottfried Bernhard (1715-1739).
- Gottfried Heinrich (1724–63) Gottfried Heinrich (1724-1763)
- Elisabeth Juliana Friederica, called "Lieschen" (1726–81) Elisabeth Juliana Friederica, yang disebut "Lieschen" (1726-1781)
- Johann Christoph Friedrich , "the Bückeburg Bach" (1732–95) Johann Christoph Friedrich , "Bach Bückeburg" (1732-1795)
- Johann Christian , "the London Bach" (1735–82) Johann Christian , "Bach London" (1735-1782)
- Johanna Carolina (1737–81) Johanna Carolina (1737-1781)
- Regina Susanna (1742–1809) Regina Susanna (1742-1809)
Works Pekerjaan
Main articles: BWV and List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach Artikel utama: BWV dan Daftar komposisi oleh Johann Sebastian Bach
See also: Category:Compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach , List of fugal works by Johann Sebastian Bach , and List of transcriptions of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach Lihat juga: Kategori: Komposisi oleh Johann Sebastian Bach , Daftar karya fugal oleh Johann Sebastian Bach , dan transkripsi Daftar komposisi oleh Johann Sebastian Bach
JS Bach's works are indexed with BWV numbers, an initialism for Bach Werke Verzeichnis (Bach Works Catalogue). Karya-karya JS Bach yang diindeks dengan nomor BWV, sebuah initialism untuk Bach Werke Verzeichnis (Bach Pekerjaan Katalog). The catalogue, published in 1950, was compiled by Wolfgang Schmieder . Katalog, diterbitkan pada tahun 1950, disusun oleh Wolfgang Schmieder . The catalogue is organised thematically, rather than chronologically: BWV 1–224 are cantatas ; BWV 225–249, the large-scale choral works; BWV 250–524, chorales and sacred songs; BWV 525–748, organ works; BWV 772–994, other keyboard works; BWV 995–1000, lute music; BWV 1001–40, chamber music ; BWV 1041–71, orchestral music; and BWV 1072–1126, canons and fugues . Katalog ini disusun secara tematis, bukan kronologis: BWV 1-224 adalah cantatas , BWV 225-249, skala paduan suara karya-besar; BWV 250-524, chorales dan lagu-lagu suci, BWV 525-748, organ bekerja; BWV 772 - 994, karya-karya keyboard lainnya; BWV 995-1000, kecapi musik; BWV 1001-1040, musik kamar , BWV 1041-1071, musik orkestra, dan BWV 1072-1126, kanon dan fugues . In compiling the catalogue, Schmieder largely followed the Bach Gesellschaft Ausgabe, a comprehensive edition of the composer's works that was produced between 1850 and 1905. Dalam menyusun katalog, Schmieder sebagian besar mengikuti Bach Gesellschaft Ausgabe, edisi lengkap karya-karya komposer yang diproduksi antara tahun 1850 dan 1905. For a list of works catalogued by BWV number, see List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach . Untuk daftar katalog menurut jumlah karya BWV, lihat Daftar komposisi oleh Johann Sebastian Bach . Organ works Organ bekerja
Bach was best known during his lifetime as an organist, organ consultant, and composer of organ works in both the traditional German free genres—such as preludes , fantasias , and toccatas —and stricter forms, such as chorale preludes and fugues . Bach paling dikenal selama hidupnya sebagai organ, organ konsultan, dan karya komposer organ baik dalam tradisional Jerman bebas genre-seperti Prelude , fantasias , dan toccatas -dan bentuk-bentuk ketat, seperti Prelude nyanyian untuk paduan suara dan fugues . He established a reputation at a young age for his great creativity and ability to integrate foreign styles into his organ works. Dia mendirikan reputasi di usia muda untuk kreativitas yang besar dan kemampuan untuk mengintegrasikan gaya asing ke dalam karya organnya. A decidedly North German influence was exerted by Georg Böhm , with whom Bach came into contact in Lüneburg, and Dieterich Buxtehude in Lübeck , whom the young organist visited in 1704 on an extended leave of absence from his job in Arnstadt. Seorang Jerman Utara pengaruh jelas telah diberikan oleh Georg Bohm , dengan siapa Bach datang ke kontak dalam Lüneburg, dan Dieterich Buxtehude di Lübeck , siapa organis muda dikunjungi pada 1704 pada cuti diperpanjang dari ketidakhadiran dari pekerjaannya di Arnstadt. Around this time, Bach copied the works of numerous French and Italian composers to gain insights into their compositional languages, and later arranged violin concertos by Vivaldi and others for organ and harpsichord. Pada saat ini, Bach menyalin karya-karya komposer Perancis dan Italia banyak untuk memperoleh wawasan bahasa komposisi mereka, dan kemudian disusun concerto biola oleh Vivaldi dan lain-lain untuk organ dan harpsichord. His most productive period (1708–14) saw the composition of several pairs of preludes and fugues and toccatas and fugues, and of the Orgelbüchlein ("Little organ book"), an unfinished collection of 45 short chorale preludes that demonstrate compositional techniques in the setting of chorale tunes. Periode paling produktif-Nya (1708-1714) melihat komposisi dari beberapa pasang Prelude dan fugues dan toccatas dan fugues, dan dari Orgelbüchlein ("buku organ Little"), sebuah koleksi yang belum selesai dari 45 Prelude nyanyian untuk paduan suara pendek yang menunjukkan teknik komposisi dalam pengaturan nyanyian untuk paduan suara lagu. After he left Weimar, Bach's output for organ fell off, although his best-known works (the six trio sonatas , the "German Organ Mass" in Clavier-Übung III from 1739, and the " Great Eighteen " chorales, revised late in his life) were all composed after this time. Setelah ia pergi Weimar, output Bach untuk organ terjatuh, walaupun paling terkenal karya-karyanya (enam sonata trio , yang "Jerman Organ Misa" dalam Clavier-Ubung III dari 1739, dan " Great Delapan belas "chorales, direvisi akhir nya hidup) semua terdiri setelah waktu ini. Bach was extensively engaged later in his life in consulting on organ projects, testing newly built organs, and dedicating organs in afternoon recitals. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] One of the high points may be the third part of the Clavier-Übung , a setting of 21 chorale preludes uniting the traditional Catholic Missa with the Lutheran catechism liturgy, the whole set interpolated between the mighty "St. Anne" Prelude and Fugue on the theme of the Trinity. Bach ekstensif terlibat di kemudian hari di konsultan proyek organ, pengujian dibangun organ baru, dan mendedikasikan organ dalam resital sore. [44] [45] Salah satu poin yang tinggi mungkin merupakan bagian ketiga dari Clavier-Ubung, pengaturan dari 21 nyanyian untuk paduan suara Prelude menyatukan Katolik Missa tradisional dengan katekismus liturgi Lutheran, seluruh set interpolasi antara "Anne St" perkasa Prelude dan Fugue dengan tema Trinitas.Other keyboard works keyboard lainnya bekerja
- The Well-Tempered Clavier , Books 1 and 2 (BWV 846–893). The-Tempered Clavier Well , Buku 1 dan 2 (BWV 846-893). Each book comprises a prelude and fugue in each of the 24 major and minor keys in chromatic order from C major to B minor (thus, the whole collection is often referred to as 'the 48'). Setiap buku terdiri dari pendahuluan dan fuga di masing-masing dari 24 besar dan kecil kunci dalam rangka berwarna dari C mayor ke B minor (dengan demikian, seluruh koleksi sering disebut sebagai '48'). "Well-tempered" in the title refers to the temperament (system of tuning); many temperaments before Bach's time were not flexible enough to allow compositions to move through more than just a few keys. [ 46 ] "Yah-marah" di judul mengacu pada temperamen (sistem tuning); sebelum temperamen Bach waktu adalah tidak cukup fleksibel untuk memungkinkan komposisi untuk bergerak melalui lebih dari hanya beberapa. banyak kunci [46]
- The 15 Inventions and 15 Sinfonias (BWV 772–801). The 15 Penemuan dan 15 Sinfonias (BWV 772-801). These short two- and three-part contrapuntal works are arranged in the same chromatic order as the Well-Tempered Clavier, omitting some of the less used keys. Kedua pendek dan tiga-bagian karya kontrapungtal disusun dalam urutan yang berwarna sama dengan Well-Tempered Clavier, menghilangkan beberapa tombol yang digunakan kurang. The pieces were intended by Bach for instructional purposes. Potongan-potongan tersebut dimaksudkan oleh Bach untuk tujuan pembelajaran.
- Three collections of dance suites : the English Suites (BWV 806–811) , the French Suites (BWV 812–817) and the Partitas for keyboard (BWV 825–830). Tiga koleksi suite tari : ini Suites Inggris (BWV 806-811) , yang Suites Perancis (BWV 812-817) dan Partitas untuk keyboard (BWV 825-830). Each collection contains six suites built on the standard model ( Allemande – Courante – Sarabande –(optional movement)– Gigue ). Setiap koleksi berisi enam suite yang dibangun pada model standar ( Allemande - Courante - Sarabande - (gerakan opsional) - Gigue ). The English Suites closely follow the traditional model, adding a prelude before the allemande and including a single movement between the sarabande and the gigue. Suites Inggris erat mengikuti model tradisional, menambahkan awal sebelum allemande dan termasuk gerakan tunggal antara sarabande dan gigue. The French Suites omit preludes, but have multiple movements between the sarabande and the gigue. Suites Prancis menghilangkan Prelude, tetapi memiliki beberapa gerakan antara sarabande dan gigue. The partitas expand the model further with elaborate introductory movements and miscellaneous movements between the basic elements of the model. Para partitas memperluas model lebih lanjut dengan gerakan pengantar rumit dan gerakan lain-lain antara unsur-unsur dasar model.
- The Goldberg Variations (BWV 988), an aria with thirty variations . The Goldberg Variasi (BWV 988), sebuah aria dengan tiga puluh variasi . The collection has a complex and unconventional structure: the variations build on the bass line of the aria, rather than its melody, and musical canons are interpolated according to a grand plan. Koleksi ini memiliki struktur yang kompleks dan tidak konvensional: variasi membangun line bass dari aria, daripada melodi, dan musik kanon yang diinterpolasi berdasarkan suatu rencana besar. There are nine canons within the 30 variations, one placed every three variations between variations 3 and 27. Ada sembilan kanon dalam 30 variasi, satu ditempatkan setiap tiga variasi antara variasi 3 dan 27. These variations move in order from canon at the unison to canon at the ninth. Variasi ini bergerak dalam urutan dari kanon di serempak untuk kanon di kesembilan. The first eight are in pairs (unison and octave, second and seventh, third and sixth, fourth and fifth). Yang pertama delapan berpasangan (serempak dan oktaf, kedua dan ketujuh, ketiga dan keenam, keempat dan kelima). The ninth canon stands on its own due to compositional dissimilarities. Kanon kesembilan berdiri di dissimilarities sendiri komposisi karena.
- Miscellaneous pieces such as the Overture in the French Style ( French Overture , BWV 831), Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue (BWV 903), and the Italian Concerto (BWV 971) . Miscellaneous potongan seperti Overture di Gaya Perancis (Perancis Overture, BWV 831), Chromatic Fantasia dan Fugue (BWV 903), dan Italia Concerto (BWV 971) .
Orchestral and chamber music Orkestra dan musik kamar
Bach wrote music for single instruments, duets and small ensembles. Bach menulis musik untuk instrumen tunggal, duet dan ansambel kecil. Bach's works for solo instruments—the six sonatas and partitas for violin (BWV 1001–1006), the six cello suites (BWV 1007–1012) and the Partita for solo flute ( BWV 1013 )—may be listed among the most profound works in the repertoire. Bach-karya untuk instrumen solo-enam sonata dan partitas untuk biola (BWV 1001-1006), enam cello suite (BWV 1007-1012) dan Partita untuk flute solo ( BWV 1013 )-mungkin terdaftar di antara karya yang paling mendalam dalam repertoar. Bach composed a suite and several other works for solo lute. Bach menyusun sebuah suite dan beberapa karya lain kecapi solo. He wrote trio sonatas ; solo sonatas (accompanied by continuo ) for the flute and for the viola da gamba ; and a large number of canons and ricercare , mostly for unspecified instrumentation. Dia menulis sonata trio ; solo sonata (disertai continuo ) untuk suling dan untuk da Gamba biola , dan sejumlah besar kanon dan ricercare , kebanyakan untuk instrumentasi yang tidak ditentukan. The most significant examples of the latter are contained in The Art of Fugue and The Musical Offering . Contoh yang signifikan sebagian besar terakhir yang terkandung dalam The Art of Fugue dan The Penawaran Musical .Bach's best-known orchestral works are the Brandenburg concertos , so named because he submitted them in the hope of gaining employment from Margrave Christian Ludwig of Brandenburg-Schwedt in 1721; his application was unsuccessful. dikenal orkestra terbaik-karya Bach adalah Brandenburg concerto , dinamakan demikian karena ia menyerahkan mereka dengan harapan mendapatkan pekerjaan dari Margrave Christian Ludwig dari Brandenburg-Schwedt di 1721; aplikasi nya tidak berhasil. These works are examples of the concerto grosso genre. Karya-karya ini adalah contoh dari concerto grosso genre. Other surviving works in the concerto form include two violin concertos ( BWV 1041 and BWV 1042 ); a Concerto for Two Violins in D Minor ( BWV 1043 ), often referred to as Bach's "double" concerto; and concertos for one, two, three and even four harpsichords . bekerja hidup lainnya dalam concerto bentuk termasuk concerto biola dua ( BWV 1041 dan BWV 1042 ), sebuah Concerto untuk Dua Violins dalam D Minor ( BWV 1043 ), sering disebut sebagai "konserto Bach" ganda, dan concerto untuk satu dua, tiga dan bahkan empat harpsichord . It is widely accepted that many of the harpsichord concertos were not original works, but arrangements of his concertos for other instruments now lost. Sudah diterima secara luas bahwa banyak concerto piano kuno itu tidak bekerja asli, tetapi pengaturan dari concerto nya untuk instrumen lainnya sekarang hilang. A number of violin, oboe and flute concertos have been reconstructed from these. Sejumlah biola, oboe dan flute concerto telah direkonstruksi dari ini. In addition to concertos, Bach wrote four orchestral suites , a series of stylised dances for orchestra, each preceded by a French overture . Selain concerto, Bach menulis empat suite orkestra , serangkaian tarian bergaya untuk orkestra, masing-masing diawali dengan pembukaan Perancis . The work now known as the Air on the G String is an arrangement for the violin made in the nineteenth century from the second movement of the Orchestral Suite No. 3. Karya yang sekarang dikenal sebagai Air di G String adalah suatu pengaturan untuk biola yang dibuat pada abad kesembilan belas dari gerakan kedua Suite Orkestra No 3. An arrangement of the Air for cello and piano was the very first piece of Bach's music to be recorded, in 1902 in Saint Petersburg , by the Russian cellist Aleksandr Verzhbilovich . Suatu pengaturan Air untuk cello dan piano adalah yang pertama bagian yang sangat organisasi-musik Bach untuk direkam, pada tahun 1902 di Saint Petersburg , oleh pemain cello Rusia Aleksandr Verzhbilovich .
Vocal and choral works Vokal dan karya paduan suara
Bach performed a cantata on Sunday at the Thomaskirche , on a theme corresponding to the lectionary readings of the week, as determined by the Lutheran Church Year calendar. Bach melakukan kantata pada hari Minggu di Thomaskirche , pada tema yang sesuai dengan lectionary bacaan minggu ini, sebagaimana ditentukan oleh kalender Tahun Gereja Lutheran. He did not perform cantatas during the seasons of Lent and Advent. Dia tidak melakukan cantatas selama musim Prapaskah dan Adven. Although he performed cantatas by other composers, he composed at least three entire sets of cantatas, one for each Sunday and holiday of the church year, at Leipzig, in addition to those composed at Mühlhausen and Weimar. Meskipun ia dilakukan cantatas oleh komposer lain, ia terdiri setidaknya tiga set seluruh cantatas, satu untuk setiap hari Minggu dan hari libur tahun gereja, di Leipzig, selain mereka terdiri di Mühlhausen dan Weimar. In total he wrote more than 300 sacred cantatas, of which approximately 195 survive. Secara total ia menulis lebih dari 300 cantatas suci, dimana sekitar 195 bertahan hidup.His cantatas vary greatly in form and instrumentation. cantatas Nya sangat bervariasi dalam bentuk dan instrumentasi. Some of them are only for a solo singer; some are single choruses; some are for grand orchestras; some only a few instruments. Beberapa dari mereka hanya untuk penyanyi solo, beberapa paduan suara tunggal, beberapa adalah untuk orkestra grand, beberapa hanya beberapa instrumen. A common format consists of a large opening chorus followed by one or more recitative-aria pairs for soloists (or duets) and a concluding chorale . Sebuah format umum terdiri dari sebuah paduan suara pembukaan besar diikuti oleh satu atau lebih-aria pasang recitative untuk solois (atau duet) dan menyimpulkan nyanyian untuk paduan suara . The recitative is part of the corresponding Bible reading for the week and the aria is a contemporary reflection on it. The recitative merupakan bagian dari membaca Alkitab yang sesuai untuk seminggu dan aria adalah refleksi kontemporer di atasnya. The melody of the concluding chorale often appears as a cantus firmus in the opening movement. Melodi dari nyanyian untuk paduan suara penutup sering muncul sebagai firmus nyanyian dalam gerakan pembukaan. Among the best known cantatas are Christ lag in Todesbanden, BWV 4 , Ich hatte viel Bekümmernis, BWV 21 , Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott, BWV 80 , Gottes Zeit ist die allerbeste Zeit, BWV 106 ( Actus Tragicus ), Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, BWV 140 and Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben, BWV 147 . Di antara cantatas dikenal terbaik Kristus tertinggal di Todesbanden, BWV 4 , Ich hatte Bekümmernis Viel, BWV 21 , Ein feste Burg ist Unser Gott, BWV 80 , Gottes Zeit ist die Zeit allerbeste, BWV 106 (actus Tragicus), Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, BWV 140 dan Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben, BWV 147 .
In addition, Bach wrote a number of secular cantatas, usually for civic events such as council inaugurations. Selain itu, Bach menulis sejumlah cantatas sekuler, biasanya untuk acara sipil seperti inaugurations dewan. These include wedding cantatas, the Wedding Quodlibet , the Peasant Cantata and the Coffee Cantata , which concerns a girl whose father will not let her marry until she gives up her addiction to that extremely popular drink. Ini termasuk cantatas pernikahan, Wedding Quodlibet , yang Cantata Petani dan Cantata Kopi , yang menyangkut seorang gadis yang ayahnya tidak akan membiarkan dia menikah sampai dia menyerah dia kecanduan minuman yang sangat populer.
Bach's large choral-orchestral works include the grand scale St Matthew Passion and St John Passion , both written for Good Friday vespers services at St. Thomas and St. Nicholas Churches in alternate years, and the Christmas Oratorio (a set of six cantatas for use in the Liturgical season of Christmas). besar paduan suara's-orkestra karya Bach meliputi skala besar St Matthew Passion dan St John Passion, baik yang ditulis untuk kebaktian malam Jumat baik layanan di St Thomas dan St Nicholas Gereja-gereja di tahun alternatif, dan Oratorio Natal (satu set enam cantatas untuk penggunaan di musim Liturgi Natal). The Magnificat in two versions (one in E-flat major, with four interpolated Christmas-related movements, and the later and better-known version in D major), the Easter Oratorio , and the Ascension Oratorio compare to large, elaborate cantatas, of a lesser extent than the Passions and the Christmas Oratorio. The Magnificat dalam dua versi (satu di E-rata besar, dengan empat gerakan Natal terkait interpolasi, dan terkenal dan lebih baik versi kemudian di D besar), yang Oratorio Paskah , dan Kenaikan Oratorio dibandingkan dengan besar, cantatas rumit, dari tingkat yang lebih kecil daripada Passions dan Oratorio Natal.
All of these works, unlike the six motets ( Singet dem Herrn ein neues Lied ; Der Geist hilft unser Schwachheit auf ; Jesu, meine Freude ; Fürchte dich nicht ; Komm, Jesu, komm! ; and Lobet den Herrn alle Heiden ), have substantial solo parts as well as choruses. Semua karya, tidak seperti enam motets (Singet dem Herrn ein Neues Lied; Der Geist hilft auf Unser Schwachheit; Jesu, Meine Freude; Fürchte Dich nicht; Komm, Jesu, komm;! dan Lobet den Herrn alle Heiden), secara substansial solo bagian serta chorus.
Bach's signature in a copy of a three volume Bible commentary by the orthodox Lutheran theologian, Abraham Calov, was discovered in 1934 in a house in Frankenmuth, Michigan in the US. Bach tanda tangan dalam salinan komentar tiga volume Alkitab oleh teolog Lutheran ortodoks, Abraham Calov, ditemukan pada tahun 1934 di sebuah rumah di Frankenmuth, Michigan di Amerika Serikat. It is not known how the Bible came to America, but it was purchased in a used book store in Philadelphia in the 1830s or 1840s by an immigrant and taken to Michigan. Tidak diketahui bagaimana Alkitab datang ke Amerika, tapi itu dibeli di sebuah toko buku yang digunakan di Philadelphia pada tahun 1830-an atau 1840-an oleh seorang imigran dan dibawa ke Michigan. Its provenance was verified and it was subsequently deposited in the rare book holdings of Concordia Seminary in St. Its asalnya telah diverifikasi dan kemudian disimpan dalam kepemilikan buku langka Seminari Concordia di St Louis, Missouri . Louis, Missouri . It contains Bach's markings of texts for his cantatas and notes. Ini berisi tanda Bach teks untuk cantatas dan catatan. It is only rarely displayed to the public. Hanya jarang ditampilkan kepada publik. A study of the so-called Bach Bible was prepared by Robin Leaver, titled JS Bach and Scripture: Glosses from the Calov Bible Commentary (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1985). Sebuah studi tentang Alkitab Bach disebut disiapkan oleh Robin Leaver, berjudul JS Bach dan Kitab Suci: glosses dari Calov Bible Commentary (St Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1985).
Performances Pertunjukan
Present-day Bach performers usually pursue either of two traditions: so-called " authentic performance practice", utilising historical techniques, or alternatively the use of modern instruments and playing techniques, with a tendency towards larger ensembles. Sekarang Bach penyanyi biasanya mengejar salah satu dari dua tradisi: apa yang disebut " kinerja otentik praktek ", menggunakan teknik historis, atau alternatif penggunaan instrumen modern dan teknik bermain, dengan kecenderungan ensemble yang lebih besar. In Bach's time orchestras and choirs were usually smaller than those known to, for example, Brahms , and even Bach's most ambitious choral works, such as his Mass in B minor and Passions, are composed for relatively modest forces. Pada saatnya orkestra dan paduan suara Bach biasanya lebih kecil dari yang dikenal, misalnya, Brahms , dan bahkan paduan suara yang paling ambisius karya Bach, seperti Misa dalam B minor dan Passions, terdiri atas pasukan yang relatif sederhana. Some of Bach's important chamber music does not indicate instrumentation, which gives greater latitude for variety of ensemble. Beberapa musik kamar penting Bach tidak menunjukkan instrumentasi, yang memberikan ruang yang lebih besar untuk berbagai ansambel.Easy listening realisations of Bach's music and their use in advertising contributed greatly to Bach's popularisation in the second half of the twentieth century. Mudah mendengarkan realisasi's musik Bach dan penggunaannya dalam iklan memberikan kontribusi besar terhadap's popularisation Bach di paruh kedua abad kedua puluh. Among these were the Swingle Singers ' versions of Bach pieces that are now well-known (for instance, the Air on the G string , or the Wachet Auf chorale prelude) and Wendy Carlos 's 1968 groundbreaking recording Switched-On Bach , using the then recently invented Moog electronic synthesiser . Diantaranya adalah Swingle Singers 'versi potongan Bach yang sekarang terkenal (misalnya, Air pada string G , atau Auf nyanyian untuk paduan suara pendahuluan Wachet) dan Wendy Carlos 's 1968 rekaman terobosan Switched-On Bach , menggunakan kemudian baru-baru ini menemukan Moog synthesizer elektronik . Jazz musicians have adopted Bach's music, with Jacques Loussier , Ian Anderson , Uri Caine and the Modern Jazz Quartet among those creating jazz versions of Bach works. musisi Jazz telah mengadopsi's musik Bach, dengan Jacques Loussier , Ian Anderson , Uri Caine dan Modern Jazz Quartet di antara mereka versi jazz penciptaan karya Bach.
Legacy and modern reputation Warisan dan reputasi modern
During this time, his most widely known works were those for keyboard. Mozart , Beethoven , and Chopin were among his most prominent admirers. Selama waktu ini, paling banyak dikenal karya-karyanya adalah mereka untuk keyboard. Mozart , Beethoven , dan Chopin adalah di antara yang paling menonjol pengagumnya. On a visit to the Thomasschule, for example, Mozart heard a performance of one of the motets (BWV 225) and exclaimed "Now, here is something one can learn from!"; [ 48 ] on being given the motets' parts, "Mozart sat down, the parts all around him, held in both hands, on his knees, on the nearest chairs. Forgetting everything else, he did not stand up again until he had looked through all the music of Sebastian Bach". [ citation needed ] Beethoven was a devotee, learning the Well-Tempered Clavier as a child and later calling Bach the "Urvater der Harmonie" ("Original father of harmony") and, in a pun on the literal meaning of Bach's name, "nicht Bach, sondern Meer" ("not a brook, but a sea"). [ 49 ] Before performing a concert, Chopin used to lock himself away and play Bach's music. Pada kunjungan ke Thomasschule, misalnya, Mozart mendengar kinerja dari salah satu motets (BWV 225) dan berseru "Sekarang, di sini adalah sesuatu yang dapat belajar dari!"; [48] pada yang diberikan motets 'bagian itu, " Mozart duduk, bagian-bagian di sekelilingnya, diselenggarakan di kedua tangan, berlutut, di kursi terdekat,. Melupakan segala sesuatu yang lain dia tidak berdiri lagi sampai ia telah melihat melalui semua musik Sebastian Bach ". [ kutipan diperlukan ] Beethoven adalah hamba, belajar-Tempered Clavier Yah sebagai anak dan kemudian memanggil Bach yang "Urvater der Harmonie" ("Asli ayah dari harmoni") dan, dalam pun pada arti harfiah dari nama Bach, "nicht Bach, Meer sondern "(" tidak selokan, tetapi laut "). [49] Sebelum melakukan konser, Chopin digunakan untuk mengunci dirinya pergi dan drama musik Bach. Several notable composers, including Mozart, Beethoven, Robert Schumann , and Felix Mendelssohn began writing in a more contrapuntal style after being introduced to Bach's music. [ citation needed ] Beberapa komposer terkenal, termasuk Mozart, Beethoven, Robert Schumann , dan Felix Mendelssohn mulai menulis dalam gaya yang lebih kontrapungtal setelah diperkenalkan kepada's musik Bach. [ rujukan? ]
The revival of the composer's reputation among the wider public was prompted in part by Johann Nikolaus Forkel 's 1802 biography, Kebangkitan komposer reputasi di kalangan masyarakat yang lebih luas itu dipicu sebagian oleh Johann Nikolaus Forkel 's 1802 biografi, which was read by Beethoven. Goethe became acquainted with Bach's works relatively late in life through a series of performances of keyboard and choral works at Bad Berka in 1814 and 1815; in a letter of 1827 he compared the experience of listening to Bach's music to "eternal harmony in dialogue with itself". [ 50 ] But it was Felix Mendelssohn who did the most to revive Bach's reputation with his 1829 Berlin performance of the St Matthew Passion . [ 51 ] Hegel , who attended the performance, later called Bach a "grand, truly Protestant, robust and, so to speak, erudite genius which we have only recently learned again to appreciate at its full value". [ 52 ] Mendelssohn's promotion of Bach, and the growth of the composer's stature, continued in subsequent years. dibacakan oleh Beethoven. yang Goethe berkenalan dengan Bach-karya relatif terlambat dalam hidup melalui serangkaian pertunjukan keyboard dan karya paduan suara di Bad Berka pada tahun 1814 dan 1815, dalam surat 1827 ia membandingkan pengalaman mendengarkan's musik Bach untuk " harmoni abadi dalam dialog dengan dirinya sendiri ". [50] Tapi ternyata Felix Mendelssohn yang melakukan paling untuk menghidupkan kembali reputasi Bach dengan kinerja Berlin 1829 dari St Matthew Passion. [51] Hegel , yang menghadiri kinerja, kemudian disebut Bach sebuah " grand, benar-benar Protestan, kuat dan, sehingga untuk berbicara, jenius ilmiah yang kita hanya baru-baru ini belajar lagi untuk menghargai nilai penuh ". [52] 's promosi Mendelssohn Bach, dan pertumbuhan komposer perawakannya, terus di tahun-tahun berikutnya. The Bach Gesellschaft (Bach Society) was founded in 1850 to promote the works; by 1899, the Society had published a comprehensive edition of the composer's works, with a conservative approach to editorial intervention. The Gesellschaft Bach (Bach Masyarakat) didirikan pada tahun 1850 untuk mempromosikan karya-karya; oleh 1899, Masyarakat telah menerbitkan edisi lengkap karya-karya komposer, dengan pendekatan konservatif untuk intervensi editorial.
Thereafter, Bach's reputation has remained consistently high. Setelah itu, reputasi Bach tetap konsisten tinggi. During the 20th century, the process of recognising the musical as well as the pedagogic value of some of the works has continued, perhaps most notably in the promotion of the Cello Suites by Pablo Casals . Selama abad ke-20, proses mengenali musik serta nilai pedagogik dari beberapa karya terus, mungkin terutama dalam promosi dari Cello Suites oleh Pablo Casals . Another development has been the growth of the "authentic" or period performance movement, which, as far as possible, attempts to present the music as the composer intended it. Pengembangan lainnya telah menjadi pertumbuhan "otentik" atau kinerja masa gerakan, yang sejauh mungkin, mencoba untuk menyajikan musik sebagai komposer yang dimaksudkan itu. Examples include the playing of keyboard works on the harpsichord rather than a modern grand piano and the use of small choirs or single voices instead of the larger forces favoured by 19th- and early 20th-century performers. Contohnya termasuk bermain karya keyboard pada harpsichord daripada yang modern grand piano dan penggunaan paduan suara kecil atau suara tunggal, bukan kekuatan yang lebih besar disukai oleh abad ke-20 penyanyi dan awal 19.
Bach's contributions to music—or, to borrow a term popularised by his student Lorenz Christoph Mizler , his "musical science"—are frequently bracketed with those by William Shakespeare in English literature and Isaac Newton in physics. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] Scientist and author Lewis Thomas once suggested how the people of Earth should communicate with the universe: "I would vote for Bach, all of Bach, streamed out into space, over and over again. We would be bragging, of course, but it is surely excusable to put the best possible face on at the beginning of such an acquaintance. We can tell the harder truths later." [ 55 ] Teman kontribusi Bach untuk musik-atau, meminjam istilah yang dipopulerkan oleh muridnya Lorenz Christoph Mizler , "nya musik" ilmu-sering tanda kurung dengan yang oleh William Shakespeare dalam literatur bahasa Inggris dan Isaac Newton dalam fisika. [53] [54] Scientist dan penulis Lewis Thomas pernah mengatakan bagaimana orang Bumi harus berkomunikasi dengan alam semesta: "Aku akan memilih Bach, semua Bach, mengalir keluar ke angkasa, lagi dan lagi dimaafkan. Kami akan membual, tentu saja, tapi itu pasti untuk menempatkan wajah yang mungkin terbaik di di awal seperti seorang kenalan.. Kita dapat mengatakan sulit kebenaran nanti " [55]
Veneration Pemujaan
Bach is commemorated as a musician in the Calendar of Saints of the Lutheran Church on 28 July. Bach diperingati sebagai musikus di Kalender Orang-orang Suci dari Gereja Lutheran pada tanggal 28 Juli.He is honored together with George Frideric Handel and Henry Purcell with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA) on 28 July. Dia dihormati bersama dengan George Frideric Handel dan Henry Purcell dengan hari raya di kalender liturgi Gereja Episkopal (AS) pada tanggal 28 Juli.
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