Banjo
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For other uses, see Banjo (disambiguation) . Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Banjo (disambiguasi) .
 A modern 5-string banjo A 5-string banjo modern | |
| String instrument String Instrumen | |
|---|---|
| Hornbostel-Sachs classification Hornbostel-Sachs klasifikasi | 321.322-5 321.322-5 (Composite chordophone sounded by the bare fingers ) (Komposit chordophone terdengar oleh jari telanjang ) |
| Developed Dikembangkan | 18th century Abad ke-18 |
| Playing range Bermain kisaran | |
 (a standard tuned four-string banjo) (A tuned standar empat-string banjo) | |
[ edit ] History [ sunting ] Sejarah
 | Tom Turpin 's 1904 composition "The Buffalo Rag", in a 1906 performance by Vess Ossman . Tom Turpin 's 1904 komposisi "The Rag Buffalo", dalam kinerja 1906 oleh Vess Ossman . |
| Problems listening to this file? Masalah mendengarkan file ini? See media help . Lihat media membantu . | |
[ edit ] Modern forms [ sunting ] bentuk Modern
The modern banjo comes in a variety of forms, including four- and five-string versions. Banjo modern datang dalam berbagai bentuk, termasuk versi empat-dan lima-string. A six-string version, tuned and played similar to a guitar , has gained popularity. A-string versi enam, disetel dan dimainkan sama dengan gitar , telah mendapatkan popularitas. In almost all of its forms, the banjo's playing is characterized by a fast arpeggiated plucking, although there are many different playing styles. Di hampir semua bentuknya, banjo's memainkan ditandai dengan cepat arpeggiated pemetikan, walaupun ada banyak gaya bermain yang berbeda.The body, or "pot", of a modern banjo typically consists of a circular rim (generally made of wood), a metal tone ring, and a tensioned head, similar to a drum head. Tubuh, atau "pot", sebuah banjo modern biasanya terdiri dari rim lingkaran (umumnya terbuat dari kayu), sebuah nada dering logam, dan kepala dikencangkan, mirip dengan drum kepala. Traditionally the head was made from animal skin, but is often made of various synthetic materials today. Secara tradisional kepala dibuat dari kulit hewan, tetapi sering dibuat dari berbagai bahan sintetis hari ini. Some banjos have a separate resonator plate on the back of the pot, while others have an open back. Beberapa banjo memiliki resonator piring terpisah di bagian belakang pot, sementara yang lain memiliki kembali terbuka. There are also electric banjos. Ada juga banjo listrik.
The banjo is usually tuned with tuning pegs or planetary gear tuners, rather than the worm gear machine head used on guitars. banjo biasanya disetel dengan tuning pasak atau gigi planet tuner, bukan worm gear kepala mesin digunakan pada gitar.
[ edit ] Use [ sunting ] Penggunaan
Today, the banjo is commonly associated with Dixieland , country , folk , Irish traditional music and bluegrass music . Hari ini, banjo ini umumnya terkait dengan Dixieland , negara , rakyat , musik tradisional Irlandia dan musik bluegrass . Historically, however, the banjo occupied a central place in African American traditional music , as well as in the minstrel shows of the 19th century. Secara historis, bagaimanapun, banjo menduduki tempat sentral dalam American musik tradisional Afrika , serta dalam menunjukkan penyanyi abad ke-19. In fact, African Americans exerted a strong, early influence on the development of both country and bluegrass through the introduction of the banjo, and as well through the innovation of musical techniques in the playing of both the banjo and fiddle. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Recently, the banjo has enjoyed inclusion in a wide variety of musical genres, including pop crossover music, indie rock (see Modest Mouse and Sufjan Stevens ), and Celtic punk . Bahkan, Amerika Afrika diberikan lebih awal, pengaruh yang kuat pada perkembangan dari kedua negara dan bluegrass melalui pengenalan banjo, dan juga melalui inovasi teknik dalam bermain musik baik dari banjo dan biola. [5] [6 ] [7] Baru-baru ini, banjo telah menikmati dimasukkan dalam berbagai genre musik, termasuk musik crossover pop, rock indie (lihat Modest Mouse dan Sufjan Stevens ), dan punk Celtic .
Play without ( help · info ) and Bermain tanpa ( bantuan · info ) dan with drone ( help · info ) . dengan dengung ( bantuan · info ). [ edit ] Five-string banjo [ sunting ]-string banjo Lima
| Note: Catatan: | This article uses Helmholtz pitch notation to define banjo tunings. Artikel ini menggunakan notasi pitch Helmholtz untuk mendefinisikan laras banjo. |
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Many tunings are used for the five-string banjo. laras Banyak digunakan untuk lima-string banjo. Probably the most common, particularly in bluegrass, is the open G tuning (g'dgbd'). Mungkin yang paling umum, khususnya di bluegrass, adalah tuning G terbuka (g'dgbd '). In earlier times, the tuning g'cgbd' was commonly used instead. Pada jaman dulu, tuning g'cgbd 'itu sering digunakan sebagai gantinya. Other tunings common in old-time music include double C (g'cgc'd'), sawmill or mountain minor (g'dgc'd') also called Modal or Mountain Modal, old-time D (a'dad'e') a step up from double C, often played with a violin accompaniment, and open D (f#'df#ad'). laras umum lainnya dalam waktu lama-musik termasuk ganda C (g'cgc'd '), penggergajian kayu atau gunung kecil (g'dgc'd') juga disebut Gunung Modal atau Modal, D lama-time (a'dad'e ' ) langkah naik dari C ganda, sering bermain dengan iringan biola, dan D terbuka (f 'df # iklan' #). These tunings are often taken up a tone, either by tuning up or using a capo . Laras ini sering diambil nada, baik dengan tuning up atau menggunakan capo .
The fifth string is the same gauge as the first, but starts from the fifth fret, three quarters the length of the other strings. String yang kelima adalah alat ukur yang sama seperti yang pertama, tetapi dimulai dari kelima fret, tiga perempat panjang string lain. (The long-necked Vega Pete Seeger model starts the fifth string from the eighth fret.) This lets the string be tuned to a higher open pitch that possible for the full-length strings. (The-berleher panjang Vega Pete Seeger model dimulai string kelima dari delapan fret.) ini memungkinkan string disetel ke lapangan terbuka yang lebih tinggi yang mungkin untuk panjang string penuh. The short fifth string means that, unlike many string instruments, strings pitches on a five string banjo do not go in order from lowest to highest across the fingerboard. String kelima pendek berarti bahwa, tidak seperti banyak instrumen string, string pitches pada banjo string lima tidak pergi dalam urutan dari terendah hingga tertinggi di fingerboard. Instead, from low to high, they go fourth, third, second, first, and fifth. Sebaliknya, dari rendah ke tinggi, mereka pergi keempat, ketiga, kedua, pertama, dan kelima.
The short fifth string presents special problems for a capo . String kelima pendek menyajikan masalah-masalah khusus untuk capo . For small changes (going up or down one or two semitones, for example) it is possible simply to re-tune the fifth string. Untuk perubahan kecil (naik atau turun satu atau dua semitone, misalnya) adalah mungkin hanya untuk re-tune string kelima. Otherwise, various devices called fifth string capos can effectively shorten the string. Jika tidak, berbagai perangkat yang disebut capos string kelima secara efektif dapat mempersingkat string. Many banjo players use model railroad spikes or titanium spikes (usually installed at the seventh fret and sometimes at others), that they hook the string under to press it down on the fret . Banyak pemain banjo menggunakan paku model kereta api atau paku titanium (biasanya dipasang di fret ketujuh dan kadang-kadang orang lain), bahwa mereka kait string di bawah untuk menekannya di atas fret .
The five-string banjo has been used in classical music since the turn of the 20th century. contemporary and modern works have been written for the instrument by Béla Fleck , Tony Trischka , Steve Martin , Tim Lake , George Crumb , Modest Mouse , Jo Kondo , Paul Elwood , Hans Werner Henze (notably in his Sixth Symphony ), Daniel Mason of Hank Williams III 's Damn Band, Beck , JP Pickens , Peggy Honeywell, Norfolk & Western , Putnam Smith, Iron & Wine , Sean T. Everett, The Avett Brothers , and Sufjan Stevens . The-string banjo lima telah digunakan dalam musik klasik sejak pergantian abad ke-20. kontemporer dan modern karya telah ditulis untuk instrumen dengan Béla Fleck , Tony Trischka , Steve Martin , Tim Danau , George Crumb , Modest Mouse , Jo Kondo , Paul Elwood , Hans Werner Henze (terutama dalam bukunya Keenam Symphony ), Daniel Mason dari Hank Williams III 's Damn Band, Beck , JP Pickens , Peggy Honeywell, Norfolk & Barat , Putnam Smith, Iron & Wine , Sean T. Everett, Brothers Avett , dan Stevens Sufjan .
Along with four string banjos, five string banjos are sometimes used in musical theater. Seiring dengan empat banjo string, lima banjo string kadang-kadang digunakan dalam teater musikal. Musicals that feature a 5-string banjo include: Big River , The Adventures of Tom Sawyer , and Assassins . Musikal yang fitur-string banjo 5 meliputi: Sungai Besar , The Adventures of Tom Sawyer , dan Assassins .
While the size of the five string banjo is largely standardized, smaller and larger sizes are available, including the ' long neck' or ' Seeger neck' variation discussed above. Sedangkan ukuran banjo string lima adalah sebagian besar standar, dan lebih besar ukuran lebih kecil tersedia, termasuk 'lama' leher atau leher Seeger 'variasi' dibahas di atas. Petite variations on the 5-string banjo have been available since the 1890s. Petite variasi pada 5-string banjo telah tersedia sejak 1890-an. SS Stewart introduced the banjeaurine , tuned one fourth above a standard five-string. SS Stewart memperkenalkan banjeaurine , disetel seperempat di atas lima string standar. Piccolo banjos are smaller, and tuned one octave above a standard banjo. banjo Piccolo lebih kecil, dan disetel satu oktaf di atas banjo standar. There is also an ' A-Scale Banjo' , which is two frets shorter and usually tuned one note above standard tunings. Ada juga sebuah 'A-Skala Banjo', yang merupakan dua frets lebih pendek dan biasanya disetel satu catatan di atas laras standar.
[ edit ] Four-string banjos [ sunting ]-string banjo Empat
 | This section does not cite any references or sources . Bagian ini tidak mengutip manapun acuan atau sumber . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Silakan bantu memperbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan kutipan ke sumber terpercaya . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (July 2008) Disertai rujukan bahan mungkin ditantang dan dihapus . (Juli 2008) |
See also: Four-String Banjo Hall of Fame Members Lihat juga: Empat-String Banjo Hall of Fame Anggota
The plectrum banjo is a standard banjo without the short drone string. Banjo plectrum adalah banjo string standar tanpa dengung pendek. It usually has 22 frets on the neck and a scale length of 26 to 28 inches, and was originally tuned cgbd'. Biasanya memiliki 22 frets pada leher dan panjang skala 26 sampai dengan 28 inci, dan pada awalnya disetel cgbd '. It can also be tuned like the top four strings of a guitar, which is known as "Chicago tuning." Hal ini juga dapat disetel seperti empat senar atas sebuah gitar, yang dikenal sebagai "tuning Chicago." As the name suggests, it is usually played with a guitar-style pick (that is, a single one held between thumb and forefinger), unlike the five-string banjo, which is either played with a thumbpick and two fingerpicks, or with bare fingers. Seperti namanya, biasanya dimainkan dengan gitar-gaya pick (yaitu, satu pun diadakan antara ibu jari dan jari telunjuk), tidak seperti-string banjo lima, yang dimainkan baik dengan thumbpick dan dua fingerpicks, atau dengan telanjang jari. The plectrum banjo evolved out of the five-string banjo, to cater to styles of music involving strummed chords. Banjo plectrum berkembang dari lima-string banjo, untuk memenuhi gaya musik yang melibatkan akord memetik. The plectrum is also featured in many early jazz recordings and arrangements. plectrum ini juga ditampilkan di banyak rekaman jazz awal dan pengaturan. 
The tenor banjo was a common rhythm instrument in early 20th-century dance bands. Tenor banjo adalah instrumen irama umum di awal band tari abad ke-20. Its volume and timbre suited early jazz (and jazz-influenced popular music styles) and could both compete with other instruments (such as brass instruments and saxophones ) and be heard clearly on acoustic recordings. George Gershwin 's Rhapsody in Blue , in Ferde Grofe 's original jazz orchestra arrangement, includes tenor banjo, with widely-spaced chords not easily playable on plectrum banjo in its conventional tuning(s). Volume dan awal jazz cocok timbre (dan jazz yang dipengaruhi gaya musik populer) dan bisa sama-sama bersaing dengan instrumen lainnya (seperti instrumen kuningan dan saksofon ) dan didengar secara jelas pada rekaman akustik. George Gershwin 's Rhapsody in Blue , di Ferde Grofe 's pengaturan jazz orkestra asli, termasuk banjo tenor, dengan akord luas-spasi tidak mudah dimainkan pada banjo plectrum di tuning konvensional (s). With development of the archtop and electric guitar, the tenor banjo largely disappeared from jazz and popular music, though keeping its place in traditional "Dixieland" jazz. Dengan perkembangan gitar archtop dan listrik, banjo tenor sebagian besar menghilang dari musik jazz dan populer, meskipun menjaga tempatnya di tradisional jazz "Dixieland".
Rarer than either the tenor or plectrum banjo is the cello banjo . Jarang daripada baik atau plectrum banjo tenor adalah banjo cello. It's normally tuned CGda, one octave below the tenor banjo like the cello and mandocello. Ini biasanya disetel CGda, satu oktaf di bawah banjo tenor seperti cello dan mandocello. It played a role in banjo orchestras in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Hal ini memainkan peran dalam orkestra banjo di akhir abad kedua puluh kesembilan belas dan awal. Bass banjos have been produced in both upright bass formats and with standard, horizontally-carried banjo bodies. Banjo bass telah diproduksi di kedua format bass tegak dan dengan standar, horizontal-membawa badan banjo.
Four-string banjos, both plectrum and tenor, can be used strictly for chordal accompaniment (as in early jazz), strictly for single string melody playing (as in Irish traditional music), in "chord melody" style (a succession of chords are played in which the highest notes carry the melody), in tremolo style (both on chords and single strings) and a mixed technique called duo style, which combines single string tremolo and rhythm chords. Empat-string banjo, baik plectrum dan tenor, bisa digunakan secara ketat untuk iringan chordal (seperti dalam jazz awal), hanya untuk bermain melodi string tunggal (seperti dalam musik tradisional Irlandia), dalam "chord melodi" gaya (suksesi dari akord adalah diputar di mana catatan tertinggi membawa melodi), dalam gaya tremolo (baik pada akord dan string tunggal) dan teknik gaya yang disebut campuran duo, yang menggabungkan string tremolo akord tunggal dan irama. Fingerstyle opportunities of tenor banjo retuned to open G tuning dgd'g' or lower open D tuning Adad' (three finger picking, frailing) are explored by Mirek Patek . peluang fingerstyle banjo tenor kembali lagi untuk membuka dgd'g tuning G 'atau lebih rendah terbuka D tuning Adad' (tiga memetik jari, frailing) dieksplorasi oleh Mirek Patek .
Eddie Peabody was the greatest proponent of the plectrum banjo in the early to mid twentieth century. Johnny Baier , Bill Lowrey , Steve Peterson, and Buddy Wachter are prominent contemporary four-string banjoists currently working professionally. Harry Reser , who also played plectrum banjo, was arguably the best tenor banjoist of the same era and wrote a large number of works for tenor banjo as well as instructional material. Eddie Peabody adalah pendukung terbesar dari banjo plectrum pada awal hingga pertengahan abad kedua puluh. Johnny Baier , Bill Lowrey , Steve Peterson, dan Buddy Wachter yang menonjol banjoists empat-string kontemporer saat ini bekerja secara profesional. Harry Reser , yang juga bermain banjo plectrum, dikatakan sebagai banjoist tenor terbaik dari era yang sama dan menulis sejumlah besar bekerja untuk banjo tenor serta sebagai bahan pembelajaran. He was well known in the banjo player community up until his passing in 1965. Dia terkenal di komunitas pemain banjo sampai kematiannya pada tahun 1965. His single string and "chord melody" technique and ability arguably set the "high mark" that many subsequent tenor players endeavor to attain. string tunggal-Nya dan "chord melodi" teknik dan kemampuan arguably mengatur "tanda tinggi" bahwa banyak pemain jangka waktu setelah berusaha untuk mencapai. Other prominent professional tenor performers were Mike Pingitore and Roy Smeck . Lainnya yang menonjol pemain tenor profesional Mike Pingitore dan Roy Smeck . Smeck was an influential performer on many fretted instruments, including the four-string banjo. Smeck adalah pemain berpengaruh pada instrumen omel banyak, termasuk empat-string banjo. He also wrote a number of solos and instructional books. Ia juga menulis sejumlah solo dan buku instruksional. Prominent contemporary tenor players are Don Vappie , Ken Aoki , Steve Di Bonaventura , David Bandrowski , the late Narvin Kimball of Preservation Hall Jazz Band fame, and Charlie Tagawa . kontemporer pemain tenor terkemuka adalah Don Vappie , Ken Aoki , Steve Di Bonaventura , David Bandrowski , akhir Narvin Kimball dari Hall Jazz Band Pelestarian ketenaran, dan Charlie Tagawa . Tagawa has been the music director of the Peninsula Banjo Band , one of the most prominent banjo bands in the US, since 1966. Tagawa telah menjadi direktur musik dari Semenanjung Banjo Band , salah satu band banjo terkemuka di Amerika Serikat, sejak tahun 1966. He was a student and devotee of Harry Reser. Dia adalah seorang siswa dan pemuja Harry Reser. In the United Kingdom, Frank Lawes was one of the most prolific composers of four string banjo music. Di Inggris, Frank Lawes adalah salah satu komposer paling produktif dari empat musik banjo string.
The four-string banjo is used from time to time in musical theater. Banjo empat-string yang digunakan dari waktu ke waktu di teater musikal. Examples include: Hello, Dolly! , Mame , Chicago , Cabaret , Oklahoma! , Half a Sixpence , Annie , Barnum , The Threepenny Opera , Monty Python's Spamalot , and countless others. Joe Raposo had used it variably. Contoh termasuk: Hello, Dolly! , Mame , Chicago , Cabaret , Oklahoma! , Setengah sixpence , Annie , Barnum , Opera Threepenny , Monty Python Spamalot dan tak terhitung lainnya,. Joe Raposo telah digunakan itu bervariasi. in the imaginative 7-piece orchestration for the long-running TV show Sesame Street , and has sometimes had it overdubbed with itself or an electric guitar . dalam orkestrasi 7-piece imajinatif untuk menjalankan acara TV lama- Sesame Street , dan kadang-kadang harus itu overdubbed dengan dirinya sendiri atau gitar listrik . The banjo is still (albeit rarely) in use in the show's arrangement currently. banjo masih (meskipun jarang) yang digunakan dalam penyusunan acara saat ini.
[ edit ] Banjo variants [ sunting ] varian Banjo
The first 5-string electric solid-body banjo was developed by Charles (Buck) Wilburn Trent, Harold "Shot" Jackson, and David Jackson in 1960. Yang 5 string pertama listrik solid-body banjo dikembangkan oleh Charles (Buck) Wilburn Trent, Harold "Shot" Jackson, dan David Jackson pada tahun 1960.
The six-string or guitar-banjo was the instrument of the early jazz great Johnny St. Cyr , as well as of jazzmen Django Reinhardt , Danny Barker , Papa Charlie Jackson and Clancy Hayes , as well as the blues and gospel singer The Reverend Gary Davis . Enam-string atau gitar-banjo adalah instrumen dari jazz awal besar Johnny St Cyr , serta dari jazzmen Django Reinhardt , Danny Barker , Papa Charlie Jackson dan Clancy Hayes , serta penyanyi blues dan Injil Gary Pendeta Davis . Nowadays, it sometimes appears under such names as guitanjo, guitjo , ganjo, banjitar, or bantar. Saat ini, kadang-kadang muncul di bawah nama seperti guitanjo, guitjo ,, banjitar ganjo, atau Bantar. Today, musicians as diverse as Keith Urban , Rod Stewart , Taj Mahal , Joe Satriani , David Hidalgo and Doc Watson play the 6-String banjo. Hari ini, musisi yang beragam seperti Keith Urban , Rod Stewart , Taj Mahal , Joe Satriani , David Hidalgo dan Doc Watson -String memainkan banjo 6.
A number of hybrid instruments exist, crossing the banjo with other stringed instruments. Sejumlah instrumen hybrid ada, menyeberangi banjo dengan instrumen senar lainnya. Most of these use the body of a banjo, often with a resonator, and the neck of the other instrument. Sebagian besar menggunakan tubuh banjo, sering dengan resonator, dan leher instrumen lainnya. Examples include the banjo mandolin , the Banjolin , and the banjo ukulele or banjolele , most famously played by the English comedian George Formby . [ 11 ] These were especially popular in the early decades of the twentieth century, and were probably a result of a desire either to allow players of other instruments to jump on the banjo bandwagon at the height of its popularity, or to get the natural amplification benefits of the banjo resonator in an age before electric amplification. Contoh termasuk mandolin banjo , yang Banjolin , dan banjo ukulele atau banjolele , yang paling terkenal dimainkan oleh komedian Inggris George Formby . [11] Ini sangat populer pada dekade awal abad kedua puluh, dan mungkin hasil dari keinginan baik untuk memungkinkan pemain instrumen lain untuk melompat pada kereta musik banjo di puncak popularitasnya, atau untuk mendapatkan manfaat amplifikasi alami dari resonator banjo di zaman sebelum amplifikasi listrik.
Instruments using the five-string banjo neck on a wooden body (for example, that of a bouzouki or resonator guitar ) have also been made, such as the banjola. Instrumen menggunakan string banjo leher-lima pada tubuh kayu (misalnya, yang dari bouzouki atau gitar resonator ) juga telah dibuat, seperti banjola tersebut. A 20th-Century Turkish instrument very similar to the banjo is called cümbüs . Sebuah Abad ke-20 Turki instrumen yang sangat mirip dengan banjo disebut cümbüs .
Rhythm guitarist Dave Day of 1960's proto-punks The Monks replaced his guitar with a six-string, gut-strung banjo on which he played guitar chords. Rhythm gitaris Dave Hari organisasi-proto 1960-punk yang Monks gitarnya diganti dengan string-enam,-digantung banjo usus di mana ia memainkan akord gitar. This instrument sounds much more metallic, scratchy and wiry than a standard electric guitar, due to its amplification via a small microphone stuck inside the banjo's body. Instrumen ini terdengar jauh lebih metalik, gatal dan liat dari gitar listrik standar, karena amplifikasi melalui mikrofon kecil terjebak dalam tubuh banjo itu.,.
Mandolin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Dari Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas
This article is about the musical instrument. Artikel ini adalah tentang alat musik. For the cooking tool, see Mandoline . Untuk alat memasak, lihat mandolin .
A mandolin ( Italian : mandolino ) is a musical instrument in the lute family (plucked, or strummed). Sebuah mandolin ( Italia : mandolino) adalah sebuah alat musik di kecapi keluarga (dipetik, atau memetik). It descends from the mandore , a soprano member of the lute family. Ini turun dari mandore , seorang sopran anggota keluarga kecapi. The mandolin soundboard (the top) comes in many shapes—but generally round or teardrop-shaped, sometimes with scrolls or other projections. The soundboard mandolin (bagian atas) datang dalam banyak bentuk putaran tetapi umumnya atau berbentuk butiran air mata, kadang-kadang dengan gulungan atau proyeksi lainnya. A mandolin may have f-holes, or a single round or oval sound hole. mandolin mungkin memiliki f-lubang, atau bulat tunggal atau lubang suara oval. A round or oval sound hole may be bordered with decorative rosettes or purfling, but usually doesn't feature an intricately carved grille like a Baroque era mandolin. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Sebuah lubang suara bulat atau oval dapat dibatasi dengan mawar hias atau purfling, tetapi biasanya tidak fitur yang diukir kisi-kisi rumit seperti mandolin era Baroque. [1] [2] 
Early mandolins had six double courses of gut strings, tuned similarly to lutes, and plucked with the fingertips. Awal mandolin memiliki enam program ganda string usus, disetel sama dengan kecapi, dan memetik dengan ujung jari. Modern mandolins—which originated in Naples , Italy in the 3rd quarter of the 18th century—commonly have four double courses (four pairs) of metal strings, which are plucked with a plectrum . Modern mandolin yang berasal dari Napoli , Italia pada kuartal ke-3 dari abad ke-18 umumnya memiliki empat program ganda (empat pasang) dari string logam, yang dipetik dengan plectrum .
Many variants of the mandolin have existed. Banyak varian mandolin yang telah ada. These include Milanese , Lombard, Brescian and other 6-course types, as well as four-string (one string per course), twelve-string (three strings per course), and sixteen-string (four strings per course). Ini termasuk Milan , Lombard, Brescian dan lainnya 6-kursus jenis, serta empat-string (satu string per kursus), dua belas-string (tiga senar per kursus), dan enam belas-string (empat senar per kursus).
[ edit ] Construction [ sunting ] Konstruksi
Various design variations and amplification techniques have been used to make mandolins compatible in volume with louder instruments and orchestras. Berbagai variasi desain dan teknik amplifikasi telah digunakan untuk membuat mandolin kompatibel dengan volume keras dan instrumen orkestra. Hybridization with the louder banjo creates the mandolin-banjo , and resonators have been used, most notably by Dobro and the National String Instrument Corporation . Hibridisasi dengan keras banjo menciptakan mandolin-banjo , dan resonator telah digunakan, terutama oleh Dobro dan Instrumen String Nasional Corporation . Some musicians play electric mandolins through amplifiers. Beberapa musisi bermain mandolin listrik melalui amplifier.
[ edit ] Variations [ sunting ] Variasi
[ edit ] Bowlback [ sunting ] Bowlback
[ edit ] Archtop [ sunting ] Archtop
At the very end of the nineteenth century, a new style, with a carved top and back construction inspired by violin family instruments began to supplant the European-style bowl-back instruments, especially in the United States . Pada akhir abad kesembilan belas, gaya baru, dengan ukiran dan konstruksi atas kembali terinspirasi oleh instrumen keluarga biola mulai menggantikan kembali instrumen-gaya mangkuk Eropa, terutama di Amerika Serikat . This new style is credited to mandolins designed and built by Orville Gibson , a Kalamazoo, Michigan luthier who founded the "Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Manufacturing Co., Limited" in 1902. Ini gaya baru dikreditkan ke mandolin yang dirancang dan dibangun oleh Orville Gibson , seorang Kalamazoo, Michigan luthier yang mendirikan "Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Manufacturing Co, Limited" pada tahun 1902. Gibson mandolins evolved into two basic styles: the Florentine or F-style, which has a decorative scroll near the neck, two points on the lower body, and usually a scroll carved into the headstock; and the A-style, which is pear shaped, has no points, and usually has a simpler headstock. Gibson mandolin berkembang menjadi dua gaya dasar: Florence atau F-gaya, yang memiliki dekoratif gulir dekat leher, dua titik pada tubuh bagian bawah, dan biasanya sebuah gulungan diukir headstock, dan gaya A-, yang berbentuk pir , tidak memiliki poin, dan biasanya memiliki headstock sederhana.These styles generally have either two f-shaped soundholes like a violin (F-5 and A-5), or an oval sound hole (F-4 and A-4 and lower models) directly under the strings. Gaya ini umumnya memiliki salah dua soundholes f berbentuk seperti biola (F-5 dan A-5), atau lubang suara oval (F-4 dan A-4 dan model lebih rendah) langsung di bawah senar. Much variation exists between makers working from these archetypes, and other variants have become increasingly common. Banyak variasi ada antara pembuat kerja dari arketipe, dan varian lainnya telah menjadi semakin umum. The Gibson F-hole F-5-style mandolins have come to be considered the most typical and traditional for playing American bluegrass music , while the A-style is generally more associated with Irish, folk , or classical music . Gibson F-lubang -5-gaya mandolin F datang untuk dianggap paling khas dan tradisional untuk memutar Amerika musik bluegrass , sedangkan gaya A umumnya lebih terkait dengan Irlandia, rakyat , atau musik klasik . The more complicated woodwork also translates into a more expensive instrument. Yang kayu lebih rumit juga diterjemahkan menjadi alat yang lebih mahal.
Internal bracing to support the top in the F-style mandolins was usually achieved with parallel tone bars, similar to the bass bar on a violin. Internal bracing untuk mendukung teratas di mandolin F-gaya biasanya dicapai dengan nada bar paralel, mirip dengan bar bass pada biola. Some makers instead employ "x-bracing," which is two tone bars mortised together to form an X. Some luthiers now using a "modified x-bracing," which incorporates both a tone bar and x-bracing. Beberapa pembuat bukannya mempekerjakan "x-bracing," yang bar nada dua mortised bersama untuk membentuk X. Beberapa luthiers sekarang menggunakan "dimodifikasi x-bracing," yang menggabungkan kedua sebuah bar nada dan x-bracing.
Numerous modern mandolin makers build instruments that largely replicate the Gibson F-5 Artist models built in the early 1920s under the supervision of Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar . Banyak pembuat mandolin modern membangun instrumen yang sebagian besar meniru Gibson-Artis model 5 F dibangun pada awal 1920-an di bawah pengawasan acoustician Gibson Lloyd Loar . Original Loar-signed instruments are sought after and extremely valuable. instrumen Asli Loar-ditandatangani banyak dicari dan sangat berharga.
[ edit ] Others [ sunting ] Lain-lain
Other American-made variants include the mandolinetto or Howe-Orme guitar-shaped mandolin (manufactured by the Elias Howe Company between 1897 and roughly 1920), which featured a cylindrical bulge along the top from fingerboard end to tailpiece; the Army-Navy style with a flat back and top; and the Vega mando-lute (more commonly called a cylinder-back mandolin manufactured by the Vega Company between 1913 and roughly 1927), which had a similar longitudinal bulge but on the back rather than the front of the instrument. varian buatan Amerika lainnya termasuk mandolinetto atau Howe-Orme berbentuk gitar mandolin (diproduksi oleh Elias Howe Perusahaan antara tahun 1897 dan sekitar 1920), yang menampilkan tonjolan silinder di sepanjang bagian atas dari ujung fingerboard ke tailpiece, sedangkan gaya-Angkatan Laut Angkatan Darat dengan kembali datar dan atas; dan Mando Vega-kecapi (lebih umum disebut kembali mandolin silinder diproduksi oleh Perusahaan Vega antara tahun 1913 dan sekitar 1927), yang memiliki tonjolan memanjang serupa tapi di bagian belakang daripada depan instrumen .As with almost every other contemporary string instrument, another modern variant is the electric mandolin . Seperti halnya dengan hampir setiap string instrumen kontemporer lainnya, varian lain modern adalah mandolin listrik . These mandolins can have four (single), five (single) or eight (double) strings. Mandolin ini dapat memiliki empat (tunggal), lima (tunggal) atau delapan (ganda) string.
[ edit ] History [ sunting ] Sejarah
Mandolins evolved from the lute family in Italy during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and the deep bowled mandolin, produced particularly in Naples , became common in the nineteenth century. Mandolin berkembang dari kecapi keluarga di Italia pada abad ketujuh belas dan kedelapan belas, dan mandolin terpesona dalam, diproduksi terutama di Naples , menjadi umum pada abad kesembilan belas. The original instrument was the mandore , which evolved in the fourteenth century from the lute . Instrumen asli adalah mandore , yang berkembang di abad keempat belas dari kecapi . As time passed and the instrument spread around Europe , it took on many names and various structural characteristics. Dengan berjalannya waktu dan penyebaran instrumen di sekitar Eropa , itu mengambil banyak nama dan karakteristik berbagai struktur.Further back, dating to around 15,000 BC to 8000 BC, single-stringed instruments have been seen in cave paintings and murals. Selanjutnya kembali, kencan menjadi sekitar 15.000 SM hingga 8000 SM, instrumen senar tunggal telah terlihat di lukisan gua dan mural. They were struck, plucked, and eventually bowed. Mereka menyerang, dipetik, dan akhirnya membungkuk. From these, the families of stringed instruments developed. Dari ini, keluarga instrumen senar dikembangkan. Single strings were long and gave a single melody line. Single string panjang dan memberikan garis melodi tunggal. To shorten the scale length, other strings were added with a different tension and pitch so one string took over where another left off. Untuk memperpendek panjang skala, string lain ditambahkan dengan ketegangan yang berbeda dan pitch jadi satu string mengambil alih tempat lain tinggalkan. In turn, this led to being able to play dyads and chords. Pada gilirannya, hal ini menyebabkan mampu bermain diad dan akord. The bowed family became the rabob , and then the rebec fiddle, evolving into the modern violin family by 1520 (incidentally also in Italy ). Itu membungkuk keluarga menjadi rabob , dan kemudian rebec biola, berkembang menjadi keluarga biola modern oleh 1520 (kebetulan juga di Italia ). The plucked family led to lute-like instruments in 2000 BC Mesopotamia , and developed into the oud or ud before appearing in Spain , first documented around 711 AD, courtesy of the Moors. Keluarga dipetik menyebabkan kecapi seperti alat-pada tahun 2000 SM Mesopotamia , dan dikembangkan menjadi oud atau ud sebelum muncul di Spanyol , pertama kali didokumentasikan sekitar 711 AD, milik bangsa Moor.
Over the next centuries, the strings were doubled to courses, and eventually (in Europe) frets were added, leading to the first lute appearing in the thirteenth century. Selama berabad-abad berikutnya, senar yang dua kali lipat menjadi kursus, dan akhirnya (di Eropa) frets ditambahkan, yang mengarah ke kecapi pertama muncul pada abad ketiga belas. The history of the lute and the mandolin are intertwined from this point. Sejarah kecapi dan mandolin yang saling terkait dari titik ini. The lute gained a fifth course by the fifteenth century, a sixth a century later, and up to thirteen courses in its heyday. kecapi yang diperoleh kursus kelima abad kelima belas, satu abad keenam kemudian, dan sampai tiga belas kursus di masa jayanya. As early as the fourteenth century a miniature lute or mandora appeared. Pada awal abad keempat belas kecapi miniatur atau mandora muncul. Similar to the mandola, it had counterparts in Assyria (pandura), the Arab countries (dambura), and Ukraine ( kobza-bandura ). Serupa dengan mandola, ia telah rekan-rekan di Asyur (pandura), negara-negara Arab (dambura), dan Ukraina ( kobza-Bandura ). From this, the mandolino (a small cat gut-strung mandola with six strings tuned gbe' a' d g sometimes called the Baroque mandolin or cat-banjo and played with a quill, wooden plectrum or finger-style) was developed in several places in Italy. Dari ini, mandolino (usus halus kucing-mandola kecil dengan enam senar 'yang disetel GbE' d g kadang-kadang disebut mandolin Baroque atau kucing-banjo dan bermain dengan pena, plectrum kayu atau jari-style) dikembangkan di beberapa tempat di Italia. A nearly identical instrument called the mandore was used in France at the same time. Sebuah alat hampir identik disebut mandore digunakan di Prancis pada saat yang sama. The mandolino was sometimes called a mandolin in the early eighteenth century (around 1735) Naples. mandolino itu kadang-kadang disebut mandolin di awal abad kedelapan belas (sekitar 1735) Naples. At this point, all such instruments were strung with gut strings. Pada titik ini, semua instrumen seperti itu terangkai dengan senar usus.
The first evidence of modern steel-strung mandolins is from literature regarding popular Italian players who traveled through Europe teaching and giving concerts. Bukti pertama mandolin baja-halus modern dari literatur tentang populer Italia pemain yang bepergian melalui Eropa pengajaran dan memberikan konser. Notable is Signor Leone and GB Gervasio who traveled widely between 1750 and 1810. [ 2 ] This, with the records gleaned from the Italian Vinaccia family of luthiers in Naples , Italy , lead some musicologists to believe that the modern steel-strung mandolin was developed in Naples by the Vinaccia family. Penting adalah Signor Leone dan GB Gervasio yang bepergian secara luas antara 1750 dan 1810. [2] ini, dengan catatan yang diperoleh dari keluarga Vinaccia Italia luthiers di Napoli , Italia , menyebabkan beberapa ahli musik untuk percaya bahwa mandolin baja-halus modern dikembangkan di Naples oleh keluarga Vinaccia. Gennaro Vinaccia was active c. Gennaro Vinaccia aktif c. 1710 to c. 1710 untuk c. 1788, and Antonio Vinaccia was active c. 1788, dan Antonio Vinaccia aktif c. 1734 to c. 1734 untuk c. 1796. [ 3 ] An early extant example of a mandolin is one built by Antonio Vinaccia in 1772, which resides at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London , England . 1796. [3] Contoh yang masih ada awal mandolin adalah satu dibangun oleh Antonio Vinaccia pada 1772, yang berada di Museum Victoria dan Albert di London , Inggris . Another is by Giuseppe Vinaccia, built in 1763, residing at the Kenneth G. Fiske Museum of Musical Instruments in Claremont, California . [ 4 ] The earliest extant mandolin was built in 1744 by Gaetano Vinaccia . Lain adalah dengan Giuseppe Vinaccia, dibangun pada tahun 1763, berada di Kenneth G. Fiske Museum Alat Musik di Claremont, California . [4] The mandolin yang masih ada paling awal dibangun pada 1744 oleh Gaetano Vinaccia . It resides in the Conservatoire Royal de Musique in Brussels , Belgium. [ 5 ] Ini berada di Konservatorium Royal de Musique di Brussels , Belgia. [5]
These mandolins, like their modern decedents, are called Neapolitan mandolins because they originate in Naples, Italy. Ini mandolin, seperti decedents modern mereka, disebut mandolin Neapolitan karena mereka berasal dari Napoli, Italia. They are distinguished by an almond-shaped body with a bowled back constructed from curved strips of wood along its length. Mereka dibedakan oleh suatu badan berbentuk almond dengan terpesona kembali dibangun dari strip melengkung dari kayu sepanjang panjangnya. The sound table is bent just behind the bridge, the bending achieved with a heated bending iron. Tabel suara membungkuk tepat di belakang jembatan, membungkuk dicapai dengan membungkuk besi dipanaskan. This "canted" table helps the body support a greater string tension. Ini "miring" meja membantu tubuh mendukung ketegangan string yang lebih besar. A hardwood fingerboard is flush with the soundtable. Sebuah fingerboard kayu adalah flush dengan soundtable. Ten metal or ivory frets are spaced along the neck in semitones, with additional frets glued upon the soundtable. Sepuluh logam atau gading frets berjarak sepanjang leher di semitone, dengan tambahan frets terpaku pada soundtable. The strings are brass except for the lowest string course, which are gut or metal wound onto gut. String berada kuningan kecuali untuk kursus string terendah, yang usus atau luka logam ke usus. The bridge is a movable length of hardwood or ivory placed in front of ivory pins that hold the strings. Jembatan yang panjang bergerak dari kayu atau gading ditempatkan di depan pin gading yang memegang senar. Wooden tuning pegs are inserted through the back of a flat pegboard. tuning kayu pasak yang dimasukkan melalui belakang pegboard datar. The mandolins have a tortoise shell pickguard below the soundhole under the strings. The mandolin memiliki pickguard cangkang kura-kura bawah soundhole bawah senar. A quill or shaped piece of tortoise shell is used as a plectrum. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Sebuah bulu ayam atau potongan berbentuk cangkang kura-kura digunakan sebagai sebuah plectrum. [5] [6]
Other luthiers who built mandolins included Rafaele Calace (1863 onwards) in Naples, Luigi Embergher (1856–1943) in Rome, the Ferrari family (1716 onwards, also originally mandolino makers) in Rome, and De Santi (1834–1916) in Rome. luthiers lain yang dibangun mandolin termasuk Rafaele Calace (1863 dan seterusnya) di Naples, Luigi Embergher (1856-1943) di Roma, keluarga Ferrari (1716 dan seterusnya, juga mandolino pembuat aslinya) di Roma, dan De Santi (1834-1916) di Roma . The Neapolitan style of mandolin construction was adopted and developed by others, notably in Rome, giving two distinct but similar types of mandolin — Neapolitan and Roman. Gaya Neapolitan konstruksi mandolin diadopsi dan dikembangkan oleh orang lain, terutama di Roma, memberikan dua jenis yang berbeda namun sama mandolin - Neapolitan dan Romawi.
The twentieth century saw the rise in popularity of the mandolin for Celtic , bluegrass , jazz , and classical styles. Abad kedua puluh melihat kenaikan popularitas mandolin untuk Celtic , bluegrass , jazz , dan klasik gaya. Much of the development of the mandolin from Neapolitan bowl-back to the flat-back style (actually, gently rounded and carved like a violin) is attributable to Orville Gibson (1856–1918). Banyak perkembangan mandolin dari Napoli mangkuk-kembali ke-belakang gaya datar (sebenarnya, lembut bulat dan diukir seperti biola) ini disebabkan Orville Gibson (1856-1918). See above. Lihat di atas.
[ edit ] Tuning [ sunting ] Tuning
A variety of different tunings are used. Berbagai laras yang berbeda digunakan. Usually, courses of 2 adjacent strings are doubled (tuned to the same pitch). Biasanya, program dari 2 string yang berdekatan digandakan (disetel ke lapangan yang sama). The most common tuning by far (GDAE), is the same as violin tuning: Tuning yang paling umum oleh jauh (GDAE), adalah sama dengan tuning biola:- fourth (lowest tone) course : G3 (196.00 Hz ) keempat (nada terendah) tentu saja : G3 (196,00 Hz )
- third course: D4 (293.66 Hz) kursus ketiga: D4 (293,66 Hz)
- second course: A4 (440.00 Hz; A above middle C ) Tentu saja kedua: A4 (440,00 Hz; A di atas C tengah )
- first (highest tone) course: E5 (659.25 Hz) pertama (nada tertinggi) program: E5 (659,25 Hz)
Other tunings exist, including "cross-tunings," in which the usually doubled string runs are tuned to different pitches. laras lain ada, termasuk "cross-laras," di mana berjalan string biasanya dua kali lipat yang sesuai untuk titinada yang berbeda. Additionally, guitarists may sometimes tune a mandolin to mimic a portion of the intervals on a standard guitar tuning to achieve familiar fretting patterns. Selain itu, kadang-kadang tune gitaris mandolin untuk meniru sebagian dari interval pada gitar tuning standar untuk mencapai pola mengeluh akrab.
[ edit ] Mandolin family [ sunting ] keluarga Mandolin
Other members of the mandolin family are: Anggota-anggota lain dari keluarga mandolin adalah:
- The mandola (US and Canada), termed the tenor mandola in Britain and Ireland and liola or alto mandolin in continental Europe, which is tuned to a fifth below the mandolin, in the same relationship as that of the viola to the violin . The mandola (AS dan Kanada), yang diistilahkan sebagai mandola tenor di Inggris dan Irlandia dan liola atau mandolin alto di benua Eropa, yang disetel untuk yang kelima di bawah mandolin, dalam hubungan yang sama seperti yang dari biola ke biola . Some also call this instrument the "alto mandola." Beberapa juga menyebut instrumen ini "alto mandola." Its scale length is typically about 16.5 inches (420 mm). skala panjang adalah biasanya sekitar 16,5 inci (420 mm). It is normally tuned like a viola: CGDA. Hal ini biasanya disetel seperti biola: CGDA.
- The octave mandolin (US and Canada), termed the octave mandola in Britain and Ireland and mandola in continental Europe, which is tuned an octave below the mandolin. The mandolin oktaf (AS dan Kanada), yang diistilahkan sebagai mandola oktaf di Inggris dan Irlandia dan mandola di benua Eropa, yang disetel satu oktaf di bawah mandolin tersebut. Its scale length is typically about 20 inches (500 mm), although instruments with scales as short as 17 inches (430 mm) or as long as 21 inches (530 mm) are not unknown. skala panjang adalah biasanya sekitar 20 inci (500 mm), meskipun instrumen dengan skala sesingkat 17 inci (430 mm) atau selama 21 inci (530 mm) tidak diketahui.
- The mandocello , which is classically tuned to an octave plus a fifth below the mandolin, in the same relationship as that of the cello to the violin: CGDA. The mandocello , yang klasik disetel ke oktaf plus seperlima di bawah mandolin, dalam hubungan yang sama seperti yang dari cello ke biola: CGDA. Today, it is not infrequently restrung for octave mandolin tuning or the Irish bouzouki 's GDAD. Saat ini, tidak jarang restrung untuk tuning mandolin oktaf atau bouzouki Irlandia 's GDAD. Its scale length is typically about 25 inches (635 mm). skala panjang adalah biasanya sekitar 25 inci (635 mm). A typical violoncello scale is 27" (686 mm). Skala selo khas adalah 27 "(686 mm).
- The Greek laouto is essentially a mandocello, ordinarily tuned DGDA, with half of each pair of the lower two courses being tuned an octave high on a lighter gauge string. The laouto Yunani pada dasarnya adalah mandocello, biasanya disetel DGDA, dengan setengah dari masing-masing pasangan dari program yang lebih rendah dua yang dicari seorang tinggi oktaf pada tali pengukur ringan. The body is a staved bowl, the saddle-less bridge glued to the flat face like most ouds and lutes, with mechanical tuners, steel strings, and tied gut frets. Tubuh adalah sebuah mangkuk staved, pelana-jembatan kurang terpaku pada wajah datar seperti ouds paling dan kecapi, dengan tuner mekanik, senar baja, dan usus diikat frets. Modern laoutos, as played on Crete, have the entire lower course tuned in octaves as well as being tuned a reentrant octave above the expected D. Its scale length is typically about 28 inches (712 mm). laoutos modern, seperti bermain di Kreta, memiliki hilir seluruh tuned di oktaf juga sebagai sebuah tuned oktaf reentrant di atas D. diharapkan skala panjang adalah biasanya sekitar 28 inci (712 mm).
- The mando-bass , has 4 single strings, rather than double courses, and is tuned like a double bass or an acoustic bass guitar . The bass-Mando , memiliki 4 string tunggal, daripada kursus ganda, dan disetel seperti double bass atau akustik gitar bass . These were made by the Gibson company in the early twentieth century, but appear to have never been very common. Ini dibuat oleh perusahaan Gibson pada awal abad kedua puluh, namun tampaknya tidak pernah sangat umum. Reportedly, most mandolin orchestras preferred to use the ordinary double bass , rather than a specialised mandolin family instrument. Dilaporkan, sebagian besar orkestra mandolin lebih suka menggunakan biasa double bass , bukan instrumen keluarga mandolin khusus. Calace and other Italian makers predating Gibson also made mandolin-basses. Calace dan pembuat Italia lainnya mendahului Gibson juga membuat mandolin-bass.
- The piccolo or sopranino mandolin is a rare member of the family, tuned one octave above the tenor mandola and one fourth above the mandolin; the same relation as that of the piccolo or sopranino violin to the violin and viola . Atau sopranino mandolin piccolo adalah anggota keluarga jarang, disetel satu oktaf di atas mandola tenor dan satu keempat di atas mandolin tersebut; hubungan yang sama seperti yang dari piccolo atau biola sopranino ke biola dan biola . One model was manufactured by the Lyon & Healy company under the Leland brand. Satu model diproduksi oleh perusahaan Lyon & Healy bawah merek Leland. A handful of contemporary luthiers build piccolo mandolins. Sejumlah luthiers kontemporer membangun mandolin piccolo. Its scale length is typically about 9.5 inches (240 mm). skala panjang adalah biasanya sekitar 9,5 inci (240 mm).
- The Irish bouzouki is also considered a member of the mandolin family; although derived from the Greek bouzouki, it is constructed like a flat backed mandolin and uses fifth-based tunings, most often GDAE (an octave below the mandolin), although sometimes GDAD, ADAD or ADAE are used in place of the guitar-like fourths-and-third tunings of the three- and four-course Greek bouzouki . The bouzouki Irlandia juga dianggap sebagai anggota keluarga mandolin, walaupun berasal dari bouzouki Yunani, dibangun seperti mandolin yang didukung datar dan menggunakan berbasis laras kelima, yang paling sering GDAE (satu oktaf di bawah mandolin), meskipun kadang-kadang GDAD, ADAD atau ADAE digunakan di tempat-ketiga laras-seperti perempat-dan gitar dari-dan empat-kursus Yunani tiga bouzouki . Although the bouzouki's bass course pairs are most often tuned in unison, on some instruments one of each pair is replaced with a lighter string and tuned in octaves, in the fashion of the 12-string guitar . Meskipun bouzouki's bass pasangan saja yang paling sering dicari di serempak, pada beberapa salah satu instrumen masing-masing pasangan diganti dengan string ringan dan disetel di oktaf, dalam mode 12-string gitar . Although occupying the same range as the octave mandolin / octave mandola, the Irish bouzouki is distinguished from the former instrument by its longer scale length, typically from 22 inches (560 mm) to 24 inches (610 mm), although scales as long as 26 inches (660 mm), which is the usual Greek bouzouki scale, are not unknown. Meskipun menduduki kelas yang sama dengan mandolin oktaf / mandola oktaf, yang bouzouki Irlandia dibedakan dari instrumen bekas dengan skala panjang lagi, biasanya dari 22 inci (560 mm) sampai 24 inci (610 mm), meskipun skala selama 26 inci (660 mm), yang merupakan skala bouzouki biasa Yunani, tidak diketahui.
- The modern cittern is also an extension of the mandolin family, being typically a five course (ten string) instrument having a scale length between 20 inches (500 mm) and 22 inches (560 mm). Modern cittern juga merupakan perpanjangan dari keluarga mandolin, karena biasanya program lima (sepuluh string) instrumen yang memiliki panjang skala antara 20 inci (500 mm) dan 22 inci (560 mm). It is most often tuned to either DGDAD or GDADA, and is essentially an octave mandola with a fifth course at either the top or the bottom of its range. Hal ini paling sering disetel untuk baik DGDAD atau GDADA, dan pada dasarnya adalah mandola oktaf dengan kursus kelima baik di bagian atas atau bagian bawah jangkauan. Some luthiers, such as Stefan Sobell also refer to the octave mandola or a shorter-scaled Irish bouzouki as a cittern, irrespective of whether it has four or five courses. Beberapa luthiers, seperti Stefan Sobell juga mengacu pada mandola oktaf atau bouzouki Irlandia pendek-skala sebagai cittern, terlepas dari apakah itu memiliki empat atau lima program.
- In Indian classical music and Indian light music, the mandolin, which bears little resemblance to the European mandolin, is likely to be tuned to EBEB. Dalam musik klasik India dan musik cahaya India, mandolin, yang sedikit beruang kemiripan dengan mandolin Eropa, kemungkinan besar akan disetel untuk EBEB. As there is no concept of absolute pitch in Indian classical music, any convenient tuning maintaining these relative pitch intervals between the strings can be used. Karena tidak ada konsep pitch mutlak dalam musik klasik India, setiap tuning nyaman mempertahankan pitch interval ini relatif antara string dapat digunakan. Another prevalent tuning with these intervals is CGCG, which corresponds to Sa-Pa-Sa-Pa in the Indian carnatic classical music style. Tuning lain lazim dengan interval tersebut adalah CGCG, yang sesuai dengan Sa-Sa-Pa-Pa dalam gaya musik India klasik Carnatic. This tuning corresponds to the way violins are tuned for carnatic classical music. tuning ini sesuai dengan cara biola disetel untuk musik klasik Carnatic.
[ edit ] Mandolin music [ sunting ] musik Mandolin
Mandolins have a long history, and much early music was written for them. Mandolin memiliki sejarah panjang, dan musik awal banyak yang ditulis untuk mereka. In the first half of the 20th century, they enjoyed a period of great popularity in Europe and the Americas as an easier approach to playing string music. Pada paruh pertama abad ke-20, mereka menikmati masa popularitas besar di Eropa dan Amerika sebagai pendekatan lebih mudah untuk bermain musik string. Many professional and amateur mandolin groups and orchestras were formed to play light classical string repertory. mandolin Banyak kelompok profesional dan amatir dan orkestra dibentuk untuk bermain perbendaharaan cahaya string klasik. Just as this practice was falling into disuse, the mandolin found a new niche in American country , old-time music , bluegrass , and folk music . Sama seperti praktek ini jatuh ke tidak digunakan, mandolin menemukan ceruk baru di Amerika negara , waktu musik tua , bluegrass , dan musik rakyat . More recently, the Baroque and Classical mandolin repertory and styles have benefited from the raised awareness of and interest in Early music . Baru-baru ini, para Baroque dan Klasik perbendaharaan mandolin dan gaya memiliki manfaat dari kesadaran mengangkat dan minat musik Awal . Tremolo and fingerpicking methods are used while playing a mandolin. Tremolo dan metode fingerpicking digunakan saat bermain mandolin sebuah.[ edit ] United States [ sunting ] Amerika Serikat
The mandolin's popularity in the United States was spurred by the success of a group of touring young European musicians known as the Estudiantina Figaro, or in the United States, simply the "Spanish Students." mandolin's popularitas di Amerika Serikat didorong oleh keberhasilan kelompok tur musisi muda Eropa yang dikenal sebagai Estudiantina Fusi, atau di Amerika Serikat, cukup dengan "Mahasiswa Spanyol." The group landed in the US on January 2, 1880 in New York City, and played in Boston and New York to wildly enthusiastic crowds. Kelompok ini mendarat di AS pada tanggal 2 Januari 1880 di New York City, dan bermain di Boston dan New York untuk orang banyak antusias liar. Ironically, this ensemble did not play mandolins but rather Bandurrias , which are also small, double-strung instruments that resemble the mandolin. Ironisnya, ansambel ini tidak bermain mandolin melainkan Bandurrias , yang juga kecil,-tegang instrumen ganda yang mirip mandolin tersebut. The success of the Figaro Spanish Students spawned several groups who imitated their musical style and colorful costumes. Keberhasilan Mahasiswa Spanyol Fusi melahirkan beberapa kelompok yang ditiru gaya musik mereka dan kostum berwarna-warni. In many cases, the players in these new musical ensembles were Italian-born Americans who had brought mandolins from their native land. Dalam banyak kasus, para pemain baru dalam ansambel musik yang lahir di Amerika Italia yang membawa mandolin dari tanah air mereka. Thus, the Spanish Student imitators did primarily play mandolins and helped to generate enormous public interest in an instrument previously relatively unknown in the United States . Dengan demikian, Spanyol tidak peniru Mahasiswa terutama bermain mandolin dan membantu membangkitkan minat masyarakat sangat besar dalam instrumen yang sebelumnya relatif tidak dikenal di Amerika Serikat .Mandolins were a fad instrument from the turn of the 20th century to the mid-1920s. Mandolin adalah mode instrumen dari pergantian abad ke-20 ke-pertengahan tahun 1920-an. Instruments were marketed by teacher-dealers, much as the title character in the popular musical The Music Man . Instrumen dipasarkan oleh guru-dealer, banyak sebagai judul karakter dalam musik populer Music Man . Often these teacher-dealers would conduct mandolin orchestras: groups of 4-50 musicians who would play various mandolin family instruments together. Seringkali guru-dealer akan melakukan orkestra mandolin: 4-50 kelompok musisi yang akan memainkan instrumen mandolin berbagai keluarga bersama-sama. One musician and director who made his start with a mandolin orchestra was pioneer African-American composer James Reese Europe . Salah satu musisi dan sutradara yang membuat memulai dengan sebuah orkestra mandolin adalah pelopor Afrika-Amerika komposer James Reese Eropa . The instrument was primarily used in an ensemble setting well into the 1930s, although the fad died out at the beginning of the 1930s; the famous Lloyd Loar Master Model from Gibson (1923) was designed to boost the flagging interest in mandolin ensembles, with little success. Instrumen ini terutama digunakan dalam sebuah ensemble pengaturan baik ke tahun 1930-an, walaupun mode itu meninggal di awal tahun 1930-an, yang terkenal Lloyd Loar Master Model dari Gibson (1923) dirancang untuk meningkatkan minat lesu di mandolin ensemble, dengan sedikit sukses. The true destiny of the "Loar" as the defining instrument of bluegrass music didn't appear until Bill Monroe purchased F-5 S/N 73987 [ 7 ] in a Florida barbershop in 1943 and popularized it as his main instrument. Nasib benar dari "Loar" sebagai instrumen mendefinisikan musik bluegrass tidak muncul sampai Bill Monroe membeli F-5 S / N 73987 [7] di cukur Florida pada tahun 1943 dan dipopulerkan sebagai instrumen utamanya.
The mandolin orchestras never completely went away, however. Orkestra mandolin pernah benar-benar pergi, namun. In fact, along with all the other musical forms the mandolin is involved with, the mandolin ensemble (groups usually arranged like the string section of a modern symphony orchestra, with first mandolins, second mandolins, mandolas, mandocellos, mando-basses, and guitars, and sometimes supplemented by other instruments) continues to grow in popularity. Bahkan, bersama dengan semua bentuk musik lainnya mandolin yang terlibat dengan, ansambel mandolin (kelompok biasanya diatur seperti bagian string dari sebuah orkestra simfoni modern, dengan mandolin pertama, mandolin kedua, mandolas, mandocellos, Mando-bass, dan gitar , dan kadang-kadang dilengkapi dengan instrumen lain) terus bertambah dalam popularitas. Since the mid-nineties, several public-school mandolin-based guitar programs have blossomed around the country, including Fretworks Mandolin and Guitar Orchestra , the first of its kind. Sejak pertengahan tahun sembilan puluhan, beberapa publik berbasis sekolah gitar program-mandolin telah berkembang di seluruh negeri, termasuk Fretworks Mandolin dan Guitar Orchestra , yang pertama dari jenisnya. The national organization, Classical Mandolin Society of America represents these groups. Organisasi nasional, Klasik Mandolin Society of America merupakan kelompok-kelompok ini.
Single mandolins were first used in southern string band music in the 1930s, most notably by brother duets such as the sedate Blue Sky Boys (Bill Bolick and Earl Bolick) and the more hard-driving Monroe Brothers (Bill Monroe and Charlie Monroe). mandolin Single pertama kali digunakan dalam musik band string selatan pada 1930-an, terutama oleh duet kakak seperti tenang Sky Blue Boys (Bill Bolick dan Earl Bolick) dan hard-mengemudi Monroe lebih Brothers (Bill Monroe dan Charlie Monroe). However, the mandolin's modern popularity in country music can be directly traced to one man: Bill Monroe , the father of bluegrass music . Namun,'s modern popularitas mandolin di musik negara bisa langsung dilacak untuk satu orang: Bill Monroe , ayah dari musik bluegrass . After the Monroe Brothers broke up in 1939, Bill Monroe formed his own group, after a brief time called the Blue Grass Boys, and completed the transition of mandolin styles from a "parlor" sound typical of brother duets to the modern "bluegrass" style. Setelah Brothers Monroe bubar pada tahun 1939, Bill Monroe membentuk kelompok sendiri, setelah waktu yang singkat disebut Blue Grass Boys, dan menyelesaikan transisi gaya mandolin dari suara "ruang" khas duet saudara dengan gaya modern "bluegrass" . He joined the Grand Ole Opry in 1939 and its powerful clear-channel broadcast signal on WSM-AM spread his style throughout the South, directly inspiring many musicians to take up the mandolin. Ia bergabung dengan Grand Ole Opry pada tahun 1939 dan kuat yang jelas-saluran siaran sinyal pada WSM-AM yang tersebar di seluruh gaya Selatan, langsung banyak musisi inspirasi untuk mengambil mandolin tersebut. Monroe famously played Gibson F-5 mandolin, signed and dated July 9, 1923, by Lloyd Loar , chief acoustic engineer at Gibson. Monroe terkenal dimainkan Gibson F-5 mandolin, menandatangani dan tanggal 9 Juli 1923, oleh Lloyd Loar , insinyur akustik utama di Gibson. The F-5 has since become the most imitated tonally and aesthetically by modern builders. F-5 sejak menjadi yang paling ditiru tonally dan estetis oleh pembangun modern. Monroe's style involved playing lead melodies in the style of a fiddler, and also a percussive chording sound referred to as "the chop" for the sound made by the quickly struck and muted strings. gaya Monroe yang terlibat bermain melodi memimpin dalam gaya fiddler, dan juga suara chording perkusif disebut sebagai "chop" untuk suara yang dibuat oleh senar cepat melanda dan diredam. He also perfected a sparse, percussive blues style, especially up the neck in keys that had not been used much in country music, notably B and E. He emphasized a powerful, syncopated right hand at the expense of left-hand virtuosity. Dia juga menyempurnakan, gaya tipis perkusif blues, terutama sampai leher di dalam kunci yang belum banyak digunakan di musik country, terutama B dan E. Dia menekankan tangan, kuat kanan syncopated dengan mengorbankan keahlian kiri. Monroe's most influential follower of the second generation is Frank Wakefield and nowadays Mike Compton of the Nashville Bluegrass Band and David Long, who often tour as a duet. Tiny Moore of the Texas Playboys developed an electric five-string mandolin and helped popularize the instrument in Western Swing music. [ 8 ] paling berpengaruh pengikut Monroe dari generasi kedua adalah Frank Wakefield dan saat ini Mike Compton dari Nashville Bluegrass Band dan David Long, yang sering tur sebagai duet. Tiny Moore dari playboy Texas mengembangkan mandolin lima-string listrik dan membantu mempopulerkan instrumen dalam Swing Barat musik. [8]
The other major original bluegrass stylists, both emerging in the early 1950s and active still, are generally acknowledged to be Jesse McReynolds (of Jim and Jesse ) who invented a syncopated banjo-roll style called crosspicking and Bobby Osborne of the Osborne Brothers , who is a master of clarity and sparkling single-note runs. Yang utama lainnya stylist bluegrass asli, baik muncul pada awal 1950-an dan masih aktif, umumnya diakui sebagai Jesse McReynolds (dari Jim dan Jesse ) yang menciptakan gaya banjo-roll syncopated disebut crosspicking dan Bobby Osborne dari Osborne Brothers , yang master kejelasan dan berkilau tunggal-catatan berjalan. Highly-respected and influential modern bluegrass players include Herschel Sizemore, Doyle Lawson, and the multi-genre Sam Bush , who is equally at home with old-time fiddle tunes, rock, reggae, and jazz. Ronnie McCoury of the Del McCoury Band has won numerous awards for his Monroe-influenced playing. Sangat dihormati dan berpengaruh pemain bluegrass modern termasuk Herschel Sizemore, Doyle Lawson, dan multi-genre Sam Bush , yang sama di rumah dengan waktu biola lagu-tua, rock, reggae, dan jazz. Ronnie McCoury dari Del McCoury Band memiliki memenangkan berbagai penghargaan untuk-bermain Monroe nya dipengaruhi. The late John Duffey of the original Country Gentlemen and later the Seldom Scene did much to popularize the bluegrass mandolin among folk and urban audiences, especially on the east coast and in the Washington, DC area. Akhir Yohanes Duffey yang asli Gentlemen Negara dan kemudian Jarang Scene berbuat banyak untuk mempopulerkan bluegrass mandolin dan perkotaan penonton antara rakyat, khususnya di pantai timur dan dalam , Washington DC area.
Jethro Burns , best known as half of the comedy duo Homer and Jethro , was also the first important jazz mandolinist. Jethro Burns , paling dikenal sebagai setengah dari duo komedi Homer dan Jethro , juga merupakan jazz mandolinist penting pertama. Tiny Moore popularized the mandolin in Western swing music. Tiny Moore mempopulerkan mandolin dalam musik swing Barat. He initially played an 8-string Gibson but switched after 1952 to a 5-string solidbody electric instrument built by Paul Bigsby . Dia awalnya memainkan 8-string Gibson namun beralih setelah 1952 sampai string solidbody listrik-instrumen 5 dibangun oleh Paulus Bigsby . Modern players David Grisman , Sam Bush , and Mike Marshall , among others, have worked since the early 1970s to demonstrate the mandolin's versatility for all styles of music. Chris Thile of California is a well known player; the band Nickel Creek features his playing in its blend of traditional and pop styles. pemain Modern David Grisman , Sam Bush , dan Mike Marshall , antara lain, telah bekerja sejak awal 1970-an untuk menunjukkan mandolin's fleksibilitas untuk semua gaya musik. Chris Thile California yang dikenal pemain dengan baik; band Nickel Creek fitur bermain di perpaduan gaya tradisional dan pop. Most commonly associated with bluegrass, mandolin has been used a lot in country music over the years. Paling sering dikaitkan dengan bluegrass, mandolin telah digunakan banyak negara dalam musik selama bertahun-tahun. Some well-known players include Marty Stuart and Vince Gill. Kristian Bush of the country band Sugarland plays the mandolin frequently, though only as a rhythm instrument. Beberapa pemain terkenal juga termasuk Marty Stuart dan Vince Gill. Kristian Bush dari band negara Sugarland memainkan mandolin sering, walaupun hanya sebagai instrumen ritme.
The mandolin has been used occasionally in rock music, first appearing in the psychedelic era of the late 1960s. Levon Helm of The Band occasionally moved from his drum kit to play mandolin, most notably on "Rag Mama Rag," "Rockin' Chair," and "Evangeline." Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull played mandolin on "Fat Man," from their second album, Stand Up , and also occasionally on later releases. mandolin ini telah umum digunakan dalam musik rock, pertama muncul di era psikedelik dari akhir 1960-an. Levon Helm dari Band sesekali pindah dari drum kit-nya untuk bermain mandolin, terutama pada "Rag Mama Rag," "Rockin 'Chair, "dan" Evangeline ". Ian Anderson dari Jethro Tull bermain mandolin pada "Fat Man," dari album kedua mereka, Stand Up, dan juga kadang-kadang pada rilis nanti. Rod Stewart's still-played 1971 #1 hit " Maggie May " features a significant mandolin riff in its motif. Rod Stewart masih-dimainkan 1971 # 1 hit " Maggie May "fitur riff mandolin yang signifikan dalam motif nya. Ray Jackson of Lindisfarne played this, and also on "Mandolin Wind," although credited in the liner notes (written by Stewart) thusly: "The mandolin was played by the mandolin player in Lindisfarne. The name slips my mind." Ray Jackson dari Lindisfarne bermain ini, dan juga pada "Mandolin Wind," meskipun dikreditkan dalam catatan liner (ditulis oleh Stewart) sebagai berikut: untuk "mandolin itu dimainkan oleh pemain mandolin di Lindisfarne Pikiran. nama saya slip." Released as the B side of "Reason To Believe," the unexpected success of this song led to Jackson's resentment over the lack of credit. [ 9 ] David Grisman played mandolin on two Grateful Dead songs on the American Beauty album, "Friend Of The Devil" and "Ripple," which became instant favorites among amateur pickers at jam sessions and campground gatherings. John Paul Jones and Jimmy Page both played mandolin on a few Led Zeppelin songs. Dash Croft of the Soft Rock duo Seals and Crofts extensively used mandolin in their repertoire during the 1970s. Dirilis sebagai sisi B dari "Alasan Untuk Percaya," tak terduga keberhasilan ini menyebabkan lagu untuk itu kebencian Jackson atas kurangnya kredit. [9] David Grisman bermain mandolin pada dua Grateful Dead lagu pada album Kecantikan Amerika, "Teman Of The Iblis "dan" Ripple ", yang menjadi favorit instan antara pemetik amatir di sesi selai dan pertemuan perkemahan. John Paul Jones dan Jimmy Page bermain baik mandolin pada beberapa Led Zeppelin lagu. Dash Croft dari Soft Rock duo Seal dan Crofts banyak digunakan mandolin dalam repertoar mereka selama tahun 1970-an.
Some rock musicians today use mandolins, typically single-stringed electric models rather than double-stringed acoustic mandolins. Beberapa musisi rock yang digunakan saat ini mandolin, biasanya model listrik tunggal senar daripada mandolin akustik senar ganda. One example is Tim Brennan of the Irish-American punk rock band Dropkick Murphys. Salah satu contoh adalah Tim Brennan dari punk rock band Irlandia-Amerika Dropkick Murphys. In addition to electric guitar, bass, and drums, the band uses several instruments associated with traditional Celtic music, including mandolin, tin whistle, and Great Highland bagpipes . Selain gitar listrik, bass, dan drum, band ini menggunakan beberapa alat yang berhubungan dengan musik Celtic tradisional, termasuk mandolin, peluit timah, dan Highland Great bagpipe . The band explains that these instruments accentuate the growling sound they favor. Band ini menjelaskan bahwa instrumen ini menonjolkan suara menggeram mereka menginginkan. The 1991 REM hit " Losing My Religion " was driven by a few simple mandolin licks played by guitarist Peter Buck , who also played the mandolin in nearly a dozen other songs. 1991 REM hit " Kehilangan saya Agama "didorong oleh mandolin menjilati sederhana yang dimainkan oleh gitaris Peter Buck , yang juga memainkan mandolin di hampir selusin lagu lainnya. The single peaked at #4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart (#1 on the rock and alternative charts), [ 10 ] the highest ranking for a song featuring mandolin in twenty years. Jack White of The White Stripes played mandolin for the film Cold Mountain , and plays mandolin on the song "Little Ghost" on the White Stripes album Get Behind Me Satan ; he also plays mandolin on "Prickly Thorn, But Sweetly Worn" on Icky Thump . David Immerglück of the Counting Crows , Monks of Doom , and Glider is also known to feature the mandolin in many of his recordings, especially those with the Counting Crows . Single ini memuncak di # 4 di chart Billboard Hot 100 (# 1 di atas batu dan grafik alternatif), [10] peringkat tertinggi untuk menampilkan lagu mandolin dalam dua puluh tahun. Jack White dari The White Stripes bermain mandolin untuk film Dingin gunung , dan memainkan mandolin pada lagu "Little Ghost" di album White Stripes Get Behind Me Setan , ia juga memainkan mandolin pada "Prickly Thorn, Tapi Sweetly Lusuh" pada Icky Buk . David Immerglück dari Counting Crows , Monks of Doom , dan Glider juga dikenal untuk fitur tersebut mandolin di banyak rekaman, terutama mereka yang dengan Counting Crows . Rock superstar Tommy Shaw of Styx has used the mandolin in the their international hit "Boat on the River" (1979) and on the Shaw/Blades album Influence in the song "Dance with Me." Luther Dickinson of North Mississippi Allstars and The Black Crowes has made frequent use of the mandolin, most notably on the Black Crowes song "Locust Street." Pop punk band Green Day has used a mandolin in several occasions, especially on their 2000 album, Warning . Boyd Tinsley , violin player of the Dave Matthews Band has been using an electric mandolin since 2005. Nancy Wilson , rhythm guitarist of Heart , uses a mandolin in Heart's song "Dream of the Archer" from the album Little Queen . Rock superstar Tommy Shaw dari Styx telah menggunakan mandolin di internasional mereka hit "Perahu di Sungai" (1979) dan di album / Pengaruh Blades Shaw dalam lagu "Dance with Me." Luther Dickinson dari Mississippi Allstars Utara dan The Black Crowes telah sering menggunakan mandolin, terutama pada lagu Black Crowes "Locust Street." Pop punk band Green Day telah menggunakan mandolin dalam beberapa kesempatan, terutama pada album mereka 2000, Peringatan . Boyd Tinsley , pemain biola dari Dave Matthews Band telah menggunakan mandolin listrik sejak tahun 2005. Nancy Wilson , irama gitaris dari Hati , menggunakan mandolin di Teman-lagu Hati "Mimpi dari Archer" dari album Little Queen . as well as in Heart's cover of Led Zeppelin 's song " The Battle of Evermore ." serta tutupan Heart of Led Zeppelin song 's " Pertempuran lamanya . " "Show Me Heaven" by Maria McKee , the theme song to the film Days of Thunder , prominently features a mandolin. "Show Me Heaven" oleh Maria McKee , lagu tema untuk film Days of Thunder , menonjol fitur sebuah mandolin. Michael Kang, formerly of The String Cheese Incident (a bluegrass/rock/jazz-fusion jam band from Colorado), plays an electric 5-string octave mandolin as his primary instrument. Michael Kang, sebelumnya The String Cheese Incident (bluegrass a / rock / band jazz-fusion jam dari Colorado), memainkan mandolin 5-string listrik oktaf sebagai instrumen utamanya.
Mandolin has also been used in blues music, most notably by Ry Cooder , who performed outstanding covers on his very first recordings, Yank Rachell , Johnny Young , Carl Martin , and Gerry Hundt . Mandolin juga telah digunakan dalam musik blues, terutama oleh Ry Cooder , yang melakukan yang beredar meliputi pada rekaman pertama nya, Yank Rachell , Johnny Young , Carl Martin , dan Gerry Hundt . It saw some use in jug band music, since that craze began as the mandolin fad was waning, and there were plenty of instruments available at relatively low cost. Ia melihat beberapa digunakan dalam kendi band musik, karena kegemaran yang dimulai sebagai mode mandolin sudah mulai berkurang, dan ada banyak instrumen yang tersedia di biaya yang relatif rendah. Very rarely mandolins are played with bottlenecks or slides. Sam Bush plays with a slide, mostly on a four string mandolin. Sangat jarang mandolin yang dimainkan dengan kemacetan atau slide. Sam Bush bermain dengan slide, kebanyakan pada mandolin string empat.
[ edit ] The United Kingdom [ sunting ] Britania Raya
The mandolin has been used extensively in the traditional music of England and Scotland for generations, but the instrument has also found its way into British rock music. mandolin ini telah digunakan secara luas dalam musik tradisional Inggris dan Skotlandia selama beberapa generasi, namun alat memiliki juga menemukan jalan ke musik rock Inggris. The mandolin was used by Mike Oldfield (and introduced by Vivian Stanshall ) on Oldfield's album Tubular Bells . It was used extensively by the British folk-rock band Lindisfarne , who featured two members on the instrument, Ray Jackson and Simon Cowe, and whose " Fog on the Tyne " was the biggest selling UK album of 1971-1972. mandolin ini digunakan oleh Mike Oldfield (dan diperkenalkan oleh Vivian Stanshall ) pada Oldfield album Tubular Bells . Hal ini digunakan secara luas oleh band folk-rock Inggris Lindisfarne , yang menampilkan dua anggota pada instrumen, Ray Jackson dan Simon Cowe, dan yang " kabut di Tyne "adalah penjualan album terbesar Inggris 1971-1972. The instrument was also used extensively in the UK folk revival of the 1960s and 1970s with bands such as Fairport Convention and Steeleye Span taking it on as the lead instrument in many of their songs. Instrumen ini juga digunakan secara luas dalam kebangkitan rakyat Inggris pada 1960-an dan 1970-an dengan band-band seperti Fairport Konvensi dan Steeleye Span mengambil pada sebagai instrumen memimpin dalam banyak lagu mereka. " Maggie May " by Rod Stewart , which hit No. 1 on both the British charts and the Billboard Hot 100, also featured Jackson's playing. " Maggie May "by Rod Stewart , yang melanda No 1 di kedua tangga lagu Inggris dan Billboard Hot 100, juga menampilkan yang bermain Jackson. It has also been used by other British rock musicians, including Steve Howe of Yes who played the mandolin on the song I've Seen All Good People . Led Zeppelin 's bassist John Paul Jones is an accomplished mandolin player and has recorded numerous songs on mandolin including " Going to California " and " That's the Way "; the mandolin part on " The Battle of Evermore " is played by Jimmy Page , who composed the song. Hal ini juga telah digunakan oleh musisi rock Inggris lainnya, termasuk Steve Howe dari Yes yang bermain mandolin pada lagu saya Dilihat Semua Orang Baik . Led Zeppelin bassis 's John Paul Jones adalah pemain mandolin dicapai dan telah mencatat banyak lagu pada mandolin termasuk " Going to California "dan" Itu Jalan "; bagian mandolin pada" Pertempuran lamanya "dimainkan oleh Jimmy Page , yang terdiri lagu. Other Led Zeppelin songs featuring mandolin are " Hey Hey What Can I Do ," and " Black Country Woman ." Pete Townshend of The Who played mandolin on the track " Mike Post Theme ," along with many other tracks on Endless Wire . McGuinness Flint , for whom Benny Gallagher played the mandolin on their most successful single, " When I'm Dead And Gone ," is another example. Lainnya menampilkan lagu-lagu Led Zeppelin mandolin adalah " Hey Hey Apa yang Harus Dilakukan , "dan" Black Country Woman . " Pete Townshend dari The Who bermain mandolin pada lagu " Mike Post Theme , "bersama dengan trek yang lain banyak Endless Wire . McGuinness Flint , untuk siapa Benny Gallagher bermain mandolin pada mereka yang paling sukses single, " Ketika saya Dead Dan Gone , "adalah contoh lain. Gallagher was also briefly a member of Ronnie Lane's Slim Chance , and played mandolin on their hit " How Come ." Gallagher juga sempat menjadi anggota Ronnie Lane Slim Chance , dan bermain mandolin di hit mereka " Bagaimana Ayo . " One of the more prominent early users of the mandolin in popular music were The Incredible String Band , in which Robin Williamson played the instrument extensively throughout the bands musical career. Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull is a highly accomplished mandolin player (beautiful track "Pussy Willow"), as is his guitarist Martin Barre . Salah satu pengguna awal lebih menonjol mandolin dalam musik populer adalah The Incredible String Band , di mana Robin Williamson memainkan instrumen secara luas di seluruh pita karir musik. Ian Anderson dari Jethro Tull adalah pemain mandolin dicapai sangat (lagu indah "Pussy Willow "), seperti gitaris nya Martin Barre . The popular song " Please Please Please Let Me Get What I Want " by The Smiths featured a mandolin solo played by Johnny Marr . Lagu populer " Please Please Please Let Me Get What I Want "oleh The Smiths menampilkan solo mandolin dimainkan oleh Johnny Marr . More recently, the Glasgow-based band Sons and Daughters have featured the mandolin, as played by Ailidh Lennon, on tracks such as "Fight," "Start to End," and "Medicine." Baru-baru ini, yang berbasis Glasgow band Sons dan Putri telah menampilkan mandolin, seperti bermain dengan Ailidh Lennon, di trek seperti "Fight," "Mulai Akhir," dan "Kedokteran." British folk-punk icons the Levellers also regularly use the mandolin in their songs. punk Inggris-rakyat ikon yang Leveller juga secara teratur menggunakan mandolin dalam lagu mereka. Current bands are also beginning to use the Mandolin and its unique sound - such as South London's Indigo Moss who use it throughout their recordings and live gigs. band kini juga mulai menggunakan Mandolin dan suara yang unik - seperti London Selatan Indigo Moss yang menggunakannya sepanjang rekaman dan pertunjukan live. The mandolin has also featured in the playing of Matthew Bellamy in the rock band Muse . mandolin juga telah ditampilkan dalam memainkan Matthew Bellamy di rock band Muse . It also forms the basis of Paul McCartney 's 2007 hit " Dance Tonight ." Hal ini juga membentuk dasar dari Paul McCartney 's 2007 hit " Dance Tonight . " That was not the first time a Beatle played a mandolin, however; that distinction goes to George Harrison on "Gone Troppo," the title cut from the 1982 album of the same name. Itu bukan kali pertama The Beatles memainkan mandolin, bagaimanapun, perbedaan yang pergi ke George Harrison pada "Gone Troppo," judul dipotong dari album 1982 dengan nama yang sama. The mandolin is taught in Lanarkshire by the Lanarkshire Guitar and Mandolin Association to over 100 people. mandolin ini diajarkan dalam Lanarkshire oleh Guitar Lanarkshire dan Mandolin Asosiasi untuk lebih dari 100 orang. Also more recently hard rock supergroup Them Crooked Vultures have been playing a song based primarily using a mandolin. Juga lebih baru hard rock supergrup Mereka Bengkok Vultures telah memainkan lagu didasarkan terutama menggunakan sebuah mandolin. This song was left off their recent debut album , and features former Led Zeppelin bassist John Paul Jones . [ citation needed ] Lagu ini tinggalkan baru-baru ini mereka debut album , dan fitur mantan Led Zeppelin bassis John Paul Jones . [ rujukan? ][ edit ] Ireland [ sunting ] Irlandia
The mandolin is becoming a somewhat more common instrument amongst Irish traditional musicians. mandolin adalah menjadi instrumen agak lebih umum di antara musisi tradisional Irlandia. Fiddle tunes are readily accessible to the mandolin player because of the equivalent range of the two instruments and the practically identical (allowing for the lack of frets on the fiddle) left hand fingerings. Fiddle lagu dapat diakses dengan mudah ke pemutar mandolin karena rentang setara dengan dua instrumen dan tangan fingerings praktis identik (memungkinkan untuk kurangnya frets pada biola) kiri.Although almost any variety of acoustic mandolin might be adequate for Irish traditional music, virtually all Irish players prefer flat-backed instruments with oval sound holes to the Italian-style bowl-back mandolins or the carved-top mandolins with f-holes favoured by bluegrass mandolinists. Meskipun hampir setiap berbagai mandolin akustik mungkin memadai untuk musik tradisional Irlandia, hampir semua pemain Irlandia yang didukung lebih memilih instrumen datar dengan lubang suara ke oval-back mandolin-gaya Italia atau mangkuk-top mandolin diukir dengan f-lubang disukai oleh bluegrass mandolinists. The former are often too soft-toned to hold their own in a session (as well as having a tendency to not stay in place on the player's lap), whilst the latter tend to sound harsh and overbearing to the traditional ear. Yang pertama seringkali terlalu lembut-kencang untuk menahan mereka sendiri dalam sesi (serta memiliki kecenderungan untuk tidak tinggal di tempat di pangkuan pemain), sedangkan yang terakhir cenderung suara keras dan sombong ke telinga tradisional. The f-hole mandolin, however, does come into its own in a traditional session, where its brighter tone cuts through the sonic clutter of a pub. The mandolin f-lubang, bagaimanapun, tidak datang ke sendiri dalam sesi tradisional dimana terang memotong nada melalui kekacauan sonik dari sebuah pub. Greatly preferred for formal performance and recording are flat-topped "Irish-style" mandolins (reminiscent of the WWI-era Martin Army-Navy mandolin) and carved (arch) top mandolins with oval soundholes, such as the Gibson A-style of the 1920s. Sangat disukai untuk kinerja formal dan rekaman adalah datar "Irlandia-style" mandolin (mengingatkan kita pada era-Perang Dunia I Martin Angkatan Darat-Angkatan Laut mandolin) dan ukiran (arch) mandolin atas dengan soundholes oval, seperti gaya A Gibson-dari 1920-an. Noteworthy Irish mandolinists include Andy Irvine (who almost always tunes the E down to D), Mick Moloney , Paul Kelly , and Claudine Langille. John Sheahan and Barney McKenna , fiddle player and tenor banjo player respectively, with The Dubliners are also accomplished Irish mandolin players. Irlandia mandolinists perlu diperhatikan termasuk Andy Irvine (yang hampir selalu lagu E ke D), Mick Moloney , Paul Kelly , dan Claudine Langille. John Sheahan dan Barney McKenna , pemain biola dan pemain banjo tenor masing-masing, dengan The Dubliners juga dicapai mandolin Irlandia pemain. The Dubliners "Live at the Gaiety" DVD features an extensive mandolin duet of a three-tune "set," two hornpipes and a reel. The Dubliners "Live di keriangan" DVD dilengkapi dengan duet mandolin ekstensif nada tiga-"set," dua hornpipes dan sebuah gulungan. The instruments used are flat-backed, oval hole examples as described above: in this case made by UK luthier Roger Bucknell of Fylde Guitars. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah rata-didukung, contoh lubang oval seperti dijelaskan di atas: dalam hal ini dibuat oleh luthier Inggris Roger Bucknell dari Fylde Guitars. The Irish guitarist Rory Gallagher often played the mandolin on stage, and he most famously used it in the song "Going To My Hometown." Gitaris Irlandia Rory Gallagher mandolin sering dimainkan di atas panggung, dan ia paling terkenal digunakan dalam lagu "Going To My Hometown."
[ edit ] Australia [ sunting ] Australia
The earliest references to the mandolin in Australia come from Phil Skinner MBE (1903–1991). Paling awal referensi ke mandolin di Australia berasal dari Phil Skinner MBE (1903-1991). In his article "Recollections" [ 11 ] he mentions a Walter Stent , who was “active in the early part of the century and organised possibly the first Mandolin Orchestra in Sydney .” He also refers to Roy Smedley, a student of Walter Stent, who performed on the radio and “was a most outstanding mandolinist, prominent over many years; his technique, choice of solos and stage presentation left little to be desired, and the students he produced did him great honour”. [ citation needed ] Dalam artikelnya "Kenangan" [11] ia menyebutkan sebuah stent Walter , yang "aktif di bagian awal abad ini dan terorganisir mungkin yang pertama Mandolin Orchestra di Sydney "Dia. juga merujuk kepada Roy Smedley, seorang mahasiswa dari Walter stent, yang tampil di radio dan yang paling mandolinist, beredar menonjol selama banyak; bertahun-tahun, teknik pilihan kiri panggung solo dan presentasi sedikit yang diinginkan, dan siswa yang dihasilkan tidak dia besar "kehormatan." [ rujukan? ]Phil Skinner played a key role in the development of the mandolin movement in Australia in the 20th Century and was awarded an MBE in 1979 for services to music and the community. Skinner Phil memainkan peran penting dalam pengembangan gerakan mandolin di Australia di abad 20 dan dianugerahi MBE pada tahun 1979 untuk layanan musik dan masyarakat. He was born Harry Skinner in Sydney in 1903 and started learning music at age 10 when his uncle (who couldn't read music) tutored him on the banjo . Ia dilahirkan Harry Skinner di Sydney pada tahun 1903 dan mulai belajar musik pada usia 10 tahun ketika pamannya (yang tidak bisa membaca musik) mengajari dia pada banjo . Phil began teaching part time at age 18 years until the Depression Years forced him to begin teaching full time and learn a broader range of instruments. Phil mulai mengajar paruh waktu pada usia 18 tahun sampai Tahun Depresi memaksanya untuk mulai mengajar penuh waktu dan belajar yang lebih luas instrumen. Phil founded the Sydney Mandolin Orchestra, the oldest surviving mandolin orchestra in Australia . [ citation needed ] Phil mendirikan Sydney Mandolin Orchestra, orkestra mandolin tertua di Australia . [ rujukan? ]
On 30 January 1976, Harry Baker of the Fremantle Music School in Western Australia organised a meeting to consider forming a mandolin orchestra in Fremantle. Pada tanggal 30 Januari 1976, Harry Baker dari Sekolah Musik Fremantle di Australia Barat menyelenggarakan pertemuan untuk mempertimbangkan untuk membentuk sebuah orkestra mandolin di Fremantle. Seventeen interested people attended and decide to proceed. Tujuh belas orang tertarik hadir dan memutuskan untuk melanjutkan. News of this is published in the Independent Post on 4 February 1976 along with an appeal for more players. Berita ini dipublikasikan di Post Independen pada 4 Februari 1976 bersama dengan permohonan untuk lebih banyak pemain. Robert Schulz, a music teacher, is appointed conductor. Robert Schulz, seorang guru musik, ditunjuk konduktor. The Fremantle-Coburn News announced that the Fremantle Music School had put together a mandolin group consisting of 8 players (2 of each: 1st & 2nd mandolin, mandola, guitar), but looking for 30-40 others. The News Fremantle-Coburn mengumumkan bahwa Sekolah Musik Fremantle telah menempatkan sekumpulan mandolin yang terdiri dari 8 pemain (2 dari masing-masing: 1 & 2 mandolin, mandola, gitar), tetapi mencari 30-40 orang lain. Initially called the Fremantle Mandolin Orchestra, it later became the West Australian Mandolin Orchestra (WAMO), which survives today (2009) with approx 30 players. [ citation needed ] Awalnya disebut Fremantle Mandolin Orchestra, belakangan menjadi Mandolin Orchestra Australia Barat (WAMO), yang bertahan hari ini (2009) dengan sekitar 30 pemain. [ rujukan? ]
By 1974, a mandolin ensemble called Varianten has formed in Geelong , Victoria and eventually becomes the Geelong Mandolin Orchestra (GMO). Pada 1974, sebuah ensemble yang disebut mandolin Varianten telah terbentuk di Geelong , Victoria dan akhirnya menjadi Geelong Mandolin Orchestra (GMO).
The Sydney Mandolins (Artistic Director Adrian Hooper) has made a major contribution to mandolin music in Australia and a significant amount of mandolin music was composed for this ensemble, and their lasting legacy is their extensive recordings of these works (over 115 CDs), which are still heard on ABC Classic FM radio today. [ citation needed ] In January 1979, the Federation of Australian Mandolin Ensembles (FAME) Inc. was formed. Bruce Morey from Melbourne is the first FAME President. The mandolin Sydney (Direktur Artistik Adrian Hooper) telah membuat kontribusi besar terhadap musik mandolin di Australia dan sejumlah besar musik mandolin yang terdiri untuk ansambel ini, dan warisan abadi mereka adalah rekaman luas mereka dari karya-karya (lebih dari 115 CD), yang masih mendengar di radio ABC Classic FM hari ini. [ rujukan? ] Pada bulan Januari 1979, Federasi Australia Mandolin Ensemble (FAME) dibentuk Inc. Bruce Morey dari Melbourne adalah FAME pertama Presiden. Plans were made to send an Australian Mandolin Orchestra on a tour to Germany , which occurred May 1980. Rencana dibuat untuk mengirim Orchestra Australia Mandolin tur ke Jerman , yang terjadi Mei 1980. The first concert in Berlin on 8 May was attended by Konrad Wolki , who said the concert was the best he had heard for many years. [ citation needed ] Konser pertama di Berlin pada tanggal 8 Mei ini dihadiri oleh Konrad Wolki , yang mengatakan konser adalah yang terbaik ia mendengar selama bertahun-tahun. [ rujukan? ]
[ edit ] New Zealand [ sunting ] Selandia Baru
The Auckland Mandolinata mandolin orchestra was formed in 1969 by Doris Flameling (1932–2004). The Auckland Mandolinata orkestra mandolin dibentuk pada 1969 oleh Doris Flameling (1932-2004). Soon after arriving from Holland with her family, Doris started teaching guitar and mandolin in West Auckland. Segera setelah tiba dari Belanda dengan keluarganya, Doris mulai mengajar gitar dan mandolin di Auckland Barat. In 1969, she formed a small ensemble for her pupils. Pada tahun 1969, ia membentuk sebuah ensemble kecil untuk murid-muridnya. This ensemble eventually developed into a full size mandolin orchestra, which survives today. ensemble ini akhirnya berkembang menjadi sebuah orkestra mandolin ukuran penuh, yang bertahan hari ini. Doris was the musical director and conductor of this orchestra for many years. Doris adalah direktur musik dan konduktor orkestra ini selama bertahun-tahun. The orchestra is currently led by Bryan Holden (conductor). orkestra saat ini dipimpin oleh Bryan Holden (konduktor).The early history of the mandolin in New Zealand is currently being researched by members of the Auckland Mandolinata. Sejarah awal mandolin di Selandia Baru saat ini sedang diteliti oleh anggota Mandolinata Auckland.
[ edit ] Continental Europe [ sunting ] Benua Eropa
See also: Czech bluegrass Lihat juga: bluegrass Ceko
An increased interest in bluegrass music , especially in Central European countries such as the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic , has inspired many new mandolin players and builders. Sebuah meningkatnya minat dalam musik bluegrass , terutama di negara-negara Eropa Tengah seperti Republik Ceko dan Republik Slovakia , telah mengilhami mandolin banyak pemain baru dan pembangun. These players often mix traditional folk elements with bluegrass. Para pemain ini sering campuran elemen rakyat tradisional dengan bluegrass. Classically, Beethoven composed mandolin music [ 12 ] and enjoyed playing the mandolin. [ 13 ] The opera Don Giovanni by Mozart includes some mandolin parts. Klasik, Beethoven musik mandolin terdiri [12] dan menikmati bermain mandolin. [13] The opera Don Giovanni oleh Mozart mencakup beberapa bagian mandolin. Also very well-known are the mandolin concerti by Vivaldi . Juga sangat terkenal adalah konser mandolin oleh Vivaldi . Some 20th century classical composers also used the mandolin as their instrument of choice (amongst these are: Schoenberg , Webern , Stravinsky , Zappa ). Beberapa komposer klasik abad ke-20 juga digunakan sebagai instrumen mandolin pilihan mereka (antara ini: Schoenberg , Webern , Stravinsky , Zappa ). [ edit ] Portugal [ sunting ] Portugal
The bandolim (Portuguese for mandolin ) was a favorite instrument within the Portuguese bourgeoisie of the 19th century, but its rapid spread took it to other places, joining other instruments. The bandolim (Portugis untuk mandolin) adalah instrumen favorit di dalam kelas burjuis Portugis abad ke-19, namun penyebaran yang cepat membawanya ke tempat lain, bergabung dengan instrumen lainnya. Today you can see mandolins as part of the traditional and folk culture of Portuguese singing groups and the majority of the mandolin scene in Portugal is in Madeira Island. Hari ini Anda dapat melihat mandolin sebagai bagian dari budaya tradisional dan rakyat kelompok bernyanyi Portugis dan sebagian besar adegan mandolin di Portugal adalah di Madeira Island. Madeira has over 17 active mandolin Orchestras and Tunas . Madeira memiliki lebih dari 17 Orkestra mandolin aktif dan Tunas . The mandolin virtuoso Fabio Machado is one of Portugal's most accomplished mandolin players. The virtuoso mandolin Fabio Machado adalah salah satu pemain paling berhasil's mandolin Portugal. The Portuguese influence brought the mandolin to Brazil. Pengaruh Portugis membawa mandolin ke Brazil.[ edit ] Greece [ sunting ] Yunani
The mandolin has a long tradition in the Ionian islands (the Eptanese ) and Crete . mandolin ini memiliki tradisi panjang dalam Ionia pulau (yang Eptanese) dan Kreta . It has long been played in the Aegean islands outside of the control of the Ottoman Empire . Ini telah lama bermain di Aegea pulau-pulau di luar kendali Kekaisaran Ottoman . It is common to see choirs accompanied by mandolin players ( mantolinates ) in Ionian islands and especially in the cities of Corfu , Zakynthos (also known as Zante) and Kefalonia . Hal ini umum untuk melihat paduan suara disertai oleh pemain mandolin (mantolinates) di Ionia pulau dan khususnya di kota-kota Corfu , Zakynthos (juga dikenal sebagai Zante) dan Kefalonia . The development of songs for mandolin ( kantades ) developed during the Venetian rule over Ionia . Pengembangan lagu untuk mandolin (kantades) dikembangkan selama Venesia menguasai Ionia .On the island of Crete , along with the lyra and the laouto, the mandolin is one of the main instruments used in Cretan Music . Di pulau Kreta , bersama dengan Lyra dan laouto itu, mandolin adalah salah satu instrumen utama yang digunakan dalam Kreta Musik . It appeared on Crete around the time of the Venetian rule of the island. Ini muncul di Kreta sekitar waktu aturan Venesia pulau. Different variants of the mandolin, such as the "mantola," were used to accompany the lyra, the violin , and the laouto. varian yang berbeda dari mandolin, seperti sebagai "mantola," digunakan untuk menemani Lyra, biola , dan laouto tersebut. Stelios Foustalierakis reported that the mandolin and the mpougari were used to accompany the lyra in the beginning of the 20 th century in the city of Rethimno. Stelios Foustalierakis melaporkan bahwa mandolin dan mpougari tersebut digunakan untuk menemani Lyra di awal abad ke-20 di kota Rethimno. There are also reports that the mandolin was mostly a woman's musical instrument. Ada juga laporan bahwa mandolin adalah alat musik kebanyakan wanita. Nowadays it is played mainly as a solo instrument in personal and family events on the Ionian islands and Crete. Saat dimainkan terutama sebagai instrumen solo dan keluarga acara pribadi di Ionia pulau dan Kreta.
[ edit ] Brazil [ sunting ] Brasil
The mandolin (called "bandolim") has a long and rich tradition in Brazilian folk music, especially in the style called choro . The mandolin (disebut "bandolim") memiliki tradisi panjang dan kaya di Brasil musik rakyat, terutama dalam gaya yang disebut choro . The composer and mandolin virtuoso Jacob do Bandolim did much to popularize the instrument through many recordings, and his influence continues to the present day. Komposer dan virtuoso mandolin Yakub melakukan Bandolim berbuat banyak untuk mempopulerkan instrumen melalui rekaman banyak, dan pengaruhnya terus sampai sekarang. Some contemporary mandolin players in Brazil include Jacob's disciple Deo Rian, and Hamilton de Holanda (the former, a traditional choro-style player, the latter an eclectic innovator). Beberapa pemain mandolin kontemporer di Brazil termasuk murid Yakub Deo Rian, dan Hamilton de Holanda (itu, mantan pemain choro-gaya tradisional, para inovator terakhir eklektik).The mandolin came into Brazil by way of Portugal . Portuguese music has a long tradition of mandolins and mandolin-like instruments (see, for example, the Portuguese guitar ). mandolin datang ke Brazil dengan cara Portugal . musik Portugis memiliki tradisi panjang seperti mandolin dan instrumen mandolin (lihat, misalnya, gitar Portugis ).
The mandolin is used almost exclusively as a melody instrument in Brazilian folk music - the role of chordal accompaniment being taken over by the cavaquinho and nylon-strung violão, or Spanish-style guitar . mandolin ini digunakan hampir secara eksklusif sebagai instrumen melodi dalam musik rakyat Brasil - peran iringan chordal diambil alih oleh cavaquinho nilon-digantung violão dan, atau Spanyol-gaya gitar . Its popularity, therefore, has risen and fallen with instrumental folk music styles, especially choro . Popularitasnya, oleh karena itu, telah bangkit dan jatuh dengan gaya musik instrumental rakyat, khususnya choro . The later part of the 20th century saw a renaissance of choro in Brazil, and with it, a revival of the country's mandolinistic tradition. Bagian akhir dari abad ke-20 melihat kebangkitan choro di Brasil, dan dengan itu, kebangkitan tradisi mandolinistic negara.
[ edit ] India [ sunting ] India
Mandolin music was used in the Indian Movies as far back as the 1940s by the Raj Kapoor Studios in movies such as Barsaat, Awara etc. Adoption of the mandolin in Carnatic music is recent and, being essentially a very small electric guitar, the instrument itself bears rather small resemblance to European and American mandolins. U. Mandolin musik digunakan dalam film India sejauh 1940-an oleh Raj Kapoor Studios di film seperti Barsaat, Awara dll Adopsi mandolin pada musik Carnatic baru-baru ini dan, karena pada dasarnya sebuah gitar listrik yang sangat kecil, instrumen itu sendiri beruang kecil agak mirip dan Amerika mandolin Eropa. U. Srinivas has, over the last couple of decades, made his version of the mandolin very popular in India and abroad. Srinivas memiliki, selama beberapa dekade terakhir, membuat versi tentang mandolin yang sangat populer di India dan luar negeri. Many adaptations of the instrument have been done to cater to the special needs of Indian Carnatic music. Banyak adaptasi dari instrumen yang telah dilakukan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan khusus musik Carnatic India.This type of mandolin is also used in Bhangra , dance music popular in Punjabi culture. Jenis mandolin juga digunakan dalam Bhangra , tari musik populer dalam budaya Punjabi.
[ edit ] Japan [ sunting ] Jepang
Instruments of the mandolin family are popular in Japan, particularly Neapolitan (round-back) style instruments. Instrumen dari keluarga mandolin yang populer di Jepang, khususnya Neapolitan (bulat-back) instrumen gaya. . Morishige Takei (1890–1949), who studied Italian in The Imperial College of Language and was a member of the court of Emperor Hirohito , established the mandolin orchestra in the Italian style before World War II . . Morishige Takei (1890-1949), yang belajar Italia di The Imperial College Bahasa dan merupakan anggota dari pengadilan Kaisar Hirohito , mendirikan orkestra mandolin dalam gaya Italia sebelum Perang Dunia II . The military government could not persecute Japanese mandolinists by the authority of Takei. [ citation needed ] Pemerintah militer tidak bisa menganiaya mandolinists Jepang dengan otoritas Takei. [ rujukan? ]Japanese mandolin orchestras consist of up to 40 or 50 members, and may include wind or percussion instruments. Jiro Nakano (1902–2000) arranged many of the Italian works for regular orchestras or winds composed before World War II as new repertoires for Japanese mandolin orchestras. orkestra mandolin Jepang terdiri dari sampai dengan 40 atau 50 anggota, dan mungkin termasuk atau instrumen perkusi angin. Jiro Nakano (1902-2000) diatur banyak dari karya-karya Italia untuk orkestra biasa atau angin dibuat sebelum Perang Dunia II sebagai repertoar baru untuk orkestra mandolin Jepang .
Original compositions for mandolin orchestras were composed after World War II. komposisi asli untuk orkestra mandolin yang terdiri setelah Perang Dunia II. Seiichi Suzuki (1901–1980), who is renowned as the composer for early Kurosawa films, composed many symphonic poems for mandolin orchestras; his works have quite a Japanese flavor. Hiroshi Ohguri (1918–1982) was influenced by Béla Bartók , so his works are powerful and quite radical. Seiichi Suzuki (1901-1980), yang terkenal sebagai komposer untuk awal Kurosawa film, terdiri puisi banyak simfoni orkestra mandolin, memiliki cukup bekerja Jepang. rasa nya Hiroshi Ohguri (1918-1982) dipengaruhi oleh Béla Bartók , jadi nya karya yang kuat dan cukup radikal. They are representative of contemporary Japanese composers who also composed many works for mandolins, such as Yasuo Kuwahara (1946–2003). Mereka adalah perwakilan dari komponis kontemporer Jepang yang juga terdiri banyak karya untuk mandolin, seperti Yasuo Kuwahara (1946-2003).
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